Aspects of the present disclosure relate to at-shore liquefaction of natural gas. One exemplary aspect includes an apparatus comprising: (i) an air-cooled electric refrigeration module (AER Module) configured to input electricity and preprocessed feed gas from a source, convert the preprocessed feed gas into a liquefied natural gas (LNG), and output the LNG; and (ii) a plurality of LNG storage tanks configured to input the LNG from the AER Module and output the LNG to an LNG transport vessel. According to this aspect, the AER Module may be on an upper deck of a water-based apparatus, and the plurality of LNG tanks may be in a hull of the apparatus. Numerous additional exemplary aspects of the apparatus and related kits, methods, and systems are disclosed.

A method and system for producing liquid air wherein liquid refrigerant is cycled between two core tanks maintained at a temperature sufficient to liquify compressed air passed through condensing tubing in the interior of the core tanks. Liquid refrigerant is cycled by alternating high pressure gas from a high pressure tank to one of the core tanks, which forces liquid refrigerant from this tank through an expansion device to expand a portion of the liquid refrigerant to absorb heat in the other core tank, the resulting refrigerant gas being driven into a low pressure tank. A compression device transfers the refrigerant gas from the low pressure tank to the high pressure tank and maintains the pressure in the high pressure tank. Connections between the low and high pressure tanks and the core tanks are reversed with each cycle.

Process and plant for the production of liquid hydrogen with a liquefier that has a variable cooling power dependent on the electrical power consumed. The liquefier is supplied with electricity by a first source of electricity at least one additional source of electricity that provides an intermittent or variable amount of electricity over time. Liquid hydrogen is produced at first thermodynamic conditions when the liquefier is supplied with a predetermined nominal electrical energy level and produced at subcooled conditions, with respect to the first thermodynamic conditions, when electricity supplied to the liquefier exceeds the nominal level.

The system comprises a natural gas feed and a natural gas liquefaction facility having a refrigeration circuit comprising: a compressor adapted to compress at least one refrigerant fluid; a driver adapted to drive the compressor; and a heat exchanger adapted to receive a flow of natural gas from the natural gas feed and remove heat therefrom by heat exchange against the refrigerant fluid. A heat pump collects low-temperature thermal energy rejected from the natural gas liquefaction facility and transfers the collected thermal energy to a thermal energy storage system at a higher temperature. The system further comprises a processing facility powered by thermal energy from the thermal energy storage system.

Power recovery sub-systems, cryogenic energy storage systems, and methods of capturing, storing, and re-using thermal energy are disclosed.

A data center is cooled by a cryogenic cooling system which is wind driven, and powered by energy stored in the cryogenic liquid. The cooling occurs through downwardly passing cryogenic liquid which is recycled and pushed back to a top of a system in a cyclic manner.

A system and method for supplying an energy grid with energy from an intermittent renewable energy source having a production unit for producing Hydrogen, Nitrogen, and Oxygen. The production unit is operated by using energy provided by the renewable energy source. An Oxygen storage receives and stores Oxygen produced by the production unit, a mixing unit receives and mixes the Hydrogen and the Nitrogen produced by the production unit to form a Hydrogen-Nitrogen-mixture, an Ammonia source receives and processes the Hydrogen-Nitrogen-mixture for generating a gas mixture containing Ammonia, an Ammonia power generator generates energy for the energy grid. The Ammonia power generator is fluidly connected to the Ammonia storage vessel, is configured to combust the received Ammonia in a combustion chamber to generate the energy, and is fluidly connected to the Oxygen storage to introduce Oxygen into the combustion chamber for combustion of Ammonia.

A system for sustainable generation of energy, comprising at least one device for converting natural power into useful energy, and at least one internal combustion engine or heat engine. The internal combustion engine or heat engine may be connected to a gas cleaning device for fuel or heat supply. A method for sustainable generation of energy, comprising the steps of generating a first amount of useful energy by converting natural power; and generating a second amount of energy by operating at least one internal combustion engine or heat engine, wherein the internal combustion engine or heat engine is driven by fuel or heat derived from cleaning a waste gas.

A proposed method provides a highly efficient fueled power output augmentation of the liquid air energy storage (LAES) through its integration with the semi-closed CO.sub.2 bottoming cycle. It combines the production of liquid air in air liquefier during LAES charge using excessive power from the grid and an effective recovery of stored air for production of on-demand power in the fueled supercharged reciprocating internal combustion engine (ICE) and associated expanders of the power block during LAES discharge. A cold thermal energy of liquid air being re-gasified is recovered for cryogenic capturing most of CO.sub.2 emissions from the facility exhaust with following use of the captured CO.sub.2 in the semi-closed bottoming cycle, resulting in enhancement of total LAES facility discharge power output and suppressing the thermal NOx formation in the ICE.

A data center is cooled by a cryogenic cooling system which is wind driven, and powered by energy stored in the cryogenic liquid. The cooling occurs through downwardly passing cryogenic liquid which is recycled and pushed back to a top of a system in a cyclic manner.