A method for selective carburization of an article using low pressure induction carburization includes: providing or procuring an article including a surface; subjecting the article to directed induction heating, wherein a first portion of the surface of the article is inductively heated to a temperature that exceeds a carburizing temperature, while a second portion of the surface of the article remains at a temperature below the carburizing temperature; and simultaneously with subjecting the article to directed induction heating, subjecting the article to low pressure carburization, thereby selectively carburizing the first portion of the surface of the article while not carburizing the second portion of the surface of the article.

A method for selective carburization of an article using low pressure induction carburization includes: providing or procuring an article including a surface; subjecting the article to directed induction heating, wherein a first portion of the surface of the article is inductively heated to a temperature that exceeds a carburizing temperature, while a second portion of the surface of the article remains at a temperature below the carburizing temperature; and simultaneously with subjecting the article to directed induction heating, subjecting the article to low pressure carburization, thereby selectively carburizing the first portion of the surface of the article while not carburizing the second portion of the surface of the article.

A device for continuously removing impurities from molten metal includes a molten metal flow path body, an inlet-side closed end plate and an outlet-side closed end plate are provided in the molten metal flow path body so as to form an impurity removal space, an electrode device composed of an inlet-side electrode and an outlet-side electrode that face each other in a longitudinal direction of the molten metal flow path body, a magnetic field device composed of a pair of permanent magnets that face each other in a width direction, sandwich the impurity removal space, and an urging device composed of the electrode device and the magnetic field device applies a Lorentz force downward to molten metal in the impurity removal space so as to increase a density of the molten metal and cause impurities in the molten metal to rise up to a surface of the molten metal.

A substrate processing device and a processing system process substrates each having a magnetic layer individually and are provided with: a support unit for supporting a substrate; a heating unit for heating the substrate supported on the support unit; a cooling unit for cooling the substrate supported on the support unit; a magnet unit for generating a magnetic field; and a processing chamber accommodating the support unit, the heating unit, and the cooling unit. The magnet unit includes a first and a second end surface which extend in parallel. The first and the second end surface are opposite to each other while being spaced apart from each other. The first end surface corresponds to a first magnetic pole of the magnet unit. The second end surface corresponds to a second magnetic pole of the magnet unit. The processing chamber is disposed between the first and the second end surface.

A system for direct injection of selected thermal-infrared (IR) wavelength radiation or energy into food items for a wide range of processing purposes is provided. These purposes may include heating, raising or maintaining the temperature of the food articles. The system is especially applicable to operations that require or benefit from the ability to irradiate at specifically selected wavelengths or to pulse or inject the radiation. The system is particularly advantageous when functioning at higher speeds and in a non-contact environment with the target.

A method for making covetic metal-carbon composites or compositions by electron beam melt heating under vacuum (pressure <10.sup.3 Torr) is described herein. This fabrication method is advantageous, in that it provides oxygen-free covetic materials in a process that allows precise control of the composition of the covetic material to be produced. The method described herein also can be applied to produce multi-element-carbon composites within a metal or alloy matrix, including high melting temperature materials such as ceramic particles or prefabricated nano- or micro-structures, such as carbon nanotubes or graphene compounds. The covetic reaction between metal and carbon takes place under the influence of flowing electrons through the melted metal-carbon precursor. This process creates strong bonding between nanocarbon structure and the metal elements in the melt.

A method for making covetic metal-carbon composites or compositions by electron beam melt heating under vacuum (pressure <10.sup.3 Torr) is described herein. This fabrication method is advantageous, in that it provides oxygen-free covetic materials in a process that allows precise control of the composition of the covetic material to be produced. The method described herein also can be applied to produce multi-element-carbon composites within a metal or alloy matrix, including high melting temperature materials such as ceramic particles or prefabricated nano- or micro-structures, such as carbon nanotubes or graphene compounds. The covetic reaction between metal and carbon takes place under the influence of flowing electrons through the melted metal-carbon precursor. This process creates strong bonding between nanocarbon structure and the metal elements in the melt.

A solidifying device is for solidifying a substrate which includes a middle and two side portions. The thermostability of the middle portion is greater than that of the side portions. The solidifying device includes a housing, a heating member, a temperature control air-floating member and a conveyor. The housing defines a working space. The heating member is in the working space. The substrate has a heat receiving surface facing the heating member. The temperature control air-floating member is in the working space and below the heating member. The conveyor is for transporting the substrate into the working space and between the temperature control air-floating member and the heating member. The heating member is for providing heat to the substrate. The temperature control air-floating member is for supplying air towards the substrate to allow the substrate to float in the working space and form a high-temperature and two low-temperature areas.

A solidifying device is for solidifying a substrate which includes a middle and two side portions. The thermostability of the middle portion is greater than that of the side portions. The solidifying device includes a housing, a heating member, a temperature control air-floating member and a conveyor. The housing defines a working space. The heating member is in the working space. The substrate has a heat receiving surface facing the heating member. The temperature control air-floating member is in the working space and below the heating member. The conveyor is for transporting the substrate into the working space and between the temperature control air-floating member and the heating member. The heating member is for providing heat to the substrate. The temperature control air-floating member is for supplying air towards the substrate to allow the substrate to float in the working space and form a high-temperature and two low-temperature areas.

A high temperature carbonization furnace has a cavity, at least two microwave units and a control unit. Each microwave unit is disposed along a processing path of the cavity. The control circuit receives signals of temperature sensors distributed on the processing path of the cavity. The control unit generates controls signals to control magnetrons of the different microwave units to be turned on/off, or to control powers of the magnetrons of the different microwave units, such that a location of the processing path, on which the microwave unit disposed, can attain an expected temperature condition. Further, the temperatures in the cavity can be adjusted precisely, such that the temperature distribution in the cavity is uniform, the uniformity for heating the processing object can be increased, and the temperature gradient of different temperature control regions can be controlled and adjusted, so as to achieve the advantage of adjusting and controlling the temperature condition of the processing path according to the requirement of the processing object.