A dental furnace having closed or closeable firing chamber (12), which is surrounded by thermal insulation (20) and which comprises at least one inlet terminal (22) and at least one outlet terminal (24). Via said two terminals, a gas, especially air, may be passed through the firing chamber (12) and/or may be discharged from the firing chamber (12), wherein a vacuum source (44) is provided, which is in direct or indirect communication with the outlet terminal (24) and via which the outlet terminal (24) may be set under vacuum pressure. At the outlet terminal (24), an especially T-shaped or Y-shaped connector (26) is attached. The connector (26) comprises two entrance ports (32, 24) and an exit (40), wherein the exit (40) is in communication with the vacuum source (44) and a first entrance port is in communication with the firing chamber (12), and especially is flange-mounted at the outlet terminal (24) thereof, and a second entrance port (34) is in communication with ambient air.

The present disclosure discloses a reflow oven, comprising a heating zone, a cooling zone, a barrier and exhaust zone, a gas exhaust passage, a gas exhaust power device, and a detection device. The heating zone comprises a heating zone inlet and a heating zone outlet. The cooling zone comprises a cooling zone inlet and a cooling zone outlet. The barrier and exhaust zone is located between the heating zone outlet and the cooling zone inlet. An inlet of the gas exhaust passage is communicated with the barrier and exhaust zone. The gas exhaust power device is disposed on the gas exhaust passage. The detection device is disposed on the gas exhaust passage and used for detecting parameters of gas in the gas exhaust passage, wherein the parameters of the gas reflect a blockage condition of the gas exhaust power device.

A solids injection lance includes (a) a tube that defines a passageway for solid feed material to be injected through the tube and has an inlet for solid material at a rear end and an outlet for discharging solid material at a forward end of the tube and (b) a puncture detection system for detecting a puncture in the solids injection tube.

A cooling plate for a metallurgical furnace comprising a body (12) with a front face (18) and an opposite rear face (20), the body having at least one coolant channel (14) therein; the front face (18) being turned towards the furnace interior and preferably comprises alternating ribs (22) and grooves (24). The cooling plate includes wear detection means comprising: a plurality of closed pressure chambers (26, 28) distributed at different locations in said body, said pressure chambers being positioned at predetermined depths below the front face (18) of said body; and a pressure sensor (30) associated with each pressure chamber (26, 28) in order to detect a deviation from a reference pressure inside said pressure chamber when the latter becomes open due to wear out of said body.

A heat treatment apparatus including: a cylindrical processing container; a heater configured to heat the processing container; and a cooler configured to cool the processing container, wherein the cooler includes: discharge holes provided at intervals in a longitudinal direction of the processing container, the discharge holes being configured to discharge a cooling medium toward the processing container; a branch configured to divide the cooling medium into a plurality of flowing paths that communicate with the discharge holes; and blowers provided for respective ones of the flowing paths, the blowers being configured to send the cooling medium to the discharge holes that communicate with the respective ones of the flowing paths.

A direct reduction shaft furnace having at least one probe disposed vertically within the reduction zone thereof. The probe preferably extends from the top to the bottom of the reduction zone. The probe allows for gas sampling along the length thereof and transmittal of the gas to at least one type of gas analysis device. The probe may also allow for the measurement of the temperature and pressure of the gas sample as it is taken.

A direct reduction shaft furnace having at least one probe disposed vertically within the reduction zone thereof. The probe preferably extends from the top to the bottom of the reduction zone. The probe allows for gas sampling along the length thereof and transmittal of the gas to at least one type of gas analysis device. The probe may also allow for the measurement of the temperature and pressure of the gas sample as it is taken.

Some embodiments of the present disclosure provide electric heating devices and methods for kilns of substrate glass, relating to the field of arrangements of electric heating structures for the kilns of substrate glass. To address the problem of insufficient melting in front zones of kilns of high-generation and large-tonnage substrate glass, a heating structure combining side-stack tin oxide electrode bricks and bottom-inserted molybdenum electrodes is designed. A comprehensive thermal efficiency of the kiln is determined by introducing an appropriate amount of gas and determining an energy consumption of glass melting and a thermal energy contribution of gas and electricity under an extraction volume. This leads to a novel electric heating device for the kiln of high-generation and large-feeding substrate glass and a method thereof, effectively solving the problem of insufficient melting and unstable convection in the front zone of the kiln.

A cooling element for a furnace includes a first side configured to be directed towards the inside of the furnace, a second side opposite to the first side and configured to be directed away from the inside of the furnace, and a cooling fluid channel system for cooling fluid circulation. The cooling element further includes a monitoring channel system including at least one monitoring channel for pressure medium. At least a portion of the monitoring channel extends in a portion of the cooling element provided between the first side and a plane defined by the points of the cooling fluid channel system closest to the first side.

A blast furnace fault determination apparatus includes a processor configured to: calculate a fault index indicative of a degree of fault in a blast furnace; calculate a ventilation index of the blast furnace; and determine a fault condition in the blast furnace using the fault index and the ventilation index.