A drug-containing capsule (20, 30, 40) includes a capsule material (21, 31, 41) and a drug (22, 32, 42) disposed within the capsule material (21, 31, 41) and having a sterilization action for a specific microorganism. The capsule material (21, 31, 41) includes a degradable part (21a, 31a, 41a) formed of a raw material that is caused to biodegrade by the specific microorganism. This results in suppression of release of the drug while the specific microorganism does not proliferate.

There are provided a heat exchanger having a flat tube and a fin bonded together, without causing melting of a coating material covering the fin, and a method of manufacturing thereof. A heat exchanger includes: a flat tube having a flat cross-sectional shape and covered with an anticorrosive layer; and a fin bonded to the flat tube with a bonding agent on a first surface of the anticorrosive layer interposed therebetween, and covered with a coating material, the first surface of the anticorrosive layer having been roughened, and the bonding agent being fixed to the roughened first surface.

The present disclosure provides a laminate having low air permeability and excellent moisture permeability, a partition member for total heat exchange element composed of the laminate, a total heat exchange element provided with a plurality of the partition members for total heat exchange element, and a ventilation device provided with the total heat exchange element. The laminate of the present disclosure is provided with a porous substrate and a moisture-permeable membrane disposed on one side of the porous substrate, the moisture-permeable membrane being provided with a porous substrate and a moisture-permeable membrane disposed on at least one side of the porous substrate, and the moisture-permeable membrane being formed of a thermoplastic copolymer having a side chain containing a hydrophilic group which is a functional group.

One variation of a method for fabricating a dermal heatsink includes: fabricating a substrate defining an interior surface, an exterior surface opposite the interior surface, and an open network of pores extending between the interior surface and the exterior surface; activating surfaces of the substrate and walls of the open network of pores; applying a coating over the substrate to form a heatsink, the coating comprising a porous, hydrophilic material and defining a void network; removing an excess of the coating from the substrate to clear blockages within the open network of pores by the coating; hydrating the heatsink during a curing period; heating the heatsink during the curing period to increase porosity of the coating applied over surfaces of the substrate; and rinsing the heatsink with an acid to decarbonate the coating along walls of the open network of pores in the substrate.

A thermal ground plane (TGP) is disclosed. A TGP may include a first planar substrate member comprising copper and a second planar substrate member comprising a metal, wherein the first planar substrate member and the second planar substrate member enclose a working fluid. The TGP may include a first plurality of pillars disposed on an interior surface of the first planar substrate and a mesh layer disposed on the top of the first plurality of pillars, wherein the mesh layer comprises at least one of copper, polymer encapsulated with copper, or stainless steel encapsulated with copper. The TGP may also include a second plurality of pillars disposed on an interior surface of the second planar substrate member within an area defined by the perimeter of the second planar substrate member and the second plurality of pillars extend from the second planar substrate member to the mesh layer.

An outer finned tube includes a tube body, an outer wall of the tube body is provided with outer fins spirally arranged in an extension direction of the tube body; grid fins are arranged between two adjacent spiral parts of the outer fins correspondingly; two ends of each grid fin are connected to the two adjacent spiral parts of the corresponding outer fin respectively; a gap is kept between each grid fin and the outer wall of the tube body; and the plurality of grid fins are spaced in the extension direction of the tube body. An enhancing cavity is formed in an area defined by the outer wall of the tube body, inner walls of the grid fins and the outer fins in an encircling way, which can form a larger degree of superheat, provides a nucleation point for a boiling/condensation process and improves a heat exchange performance.

A partitioning member for a total heat exchange element includes a sheet shaped porous base, a moisture permeable membrane provided on the porous base, and a functional material. The functional material produces at least one of an antifungal effect, an antibacterial effect, and an antiviral effect. The moisture permeable membrane contains the functional material. Alternatively, a partitioning member for a total heat exchange element includes a functional membrane containing a functional material producing at least one of an antifungal effect, an antibacterial effect, and an antiviral effect, with the functional material covering a surface of the porous base or the moisture permeable membrane.

Heat transfer apparatuses and methods for directing heat transfer are disclosed. A heat transfer apparatus includes a vapor chamber having a first surface and a second surface where the first surface and the second surface define a chamber space and at least one of the first surface and the second surface includes a hydrophilic coating. The heat transfer apparatus also includes one or more first ultrasonic oscillators coupled to the first surface, one or more second ultrasonic oscillators coupled to the second surface, and a controller having a non-transitory, processor-readable storage medium storing programming instructions for selectively activating the one or more first ultrasonic oscillators or the one or more second ultrasonic oscillators based on an intended direction of heat flux.

A evaporative cooling device is described having a pair of heat conducting plates arranged in spaced, generally parallel relationship with spacing elements separating the plates from one another and defining primary and secondary flow channels between the plates. Inlet ducts are connected to the primary channels and outlet ducts connect from the primary and secondary channels. A water distribution system is also provided to supply water to the secondary channels such that a primary air flow through the primary channels may be cooled by heat conduction along the plates to cause evaporation of the water into a secondary air flow through the secondary channels.

The present disclosure relates to an indirect evaporative cooling apparatus and a cooling system including the same, and more particularly, to an indirect evaporative cooling apparatus including a plurality of evaporation modules each including a first module and a second module, and a cooling system including the same. According to the present disclosure, it is possible to provide an indirect evaporative cooling device that maximizes cooling efficiency and space efficiency, and a cooling system including the same.