A cooling apparatus (1) for cooling a fluid withsurface water, comprising at least one tube (8) for containing and transporting the fluid in its interior, the exterior of the tube (8) being in operation at least partially submerged in the surface water so as to cool the tube (8) to thereby also cool the fluid. The cooling apparatus (1) further comprises at least one light source (9) for producing light that hinders fouling on the submerged exterior, wherein the light source (9) is dimensioned and positioned with respect to the tube (8) so as to cast anti-fouling light over the tube's exterior. By this structure anti-fouling of the cooling apparatus (1) can be assured in an alternative and effective manner.

Passive radiative cooling structures and apparatus manufactured with such cooling structures conserve energy needs. A flexible film transparent to visible light incorporates particles at a volume percentage larger than 25% so as to absorb and emit infrared radiation at wavelengths where Earth's atmosphere is transparent. Another film transparent to visible light is thin and flexible and configured to absorb and emit infrared radiation at wavelengths where Earth's atmosphere is transparent, wherein etchings or depositions are present on one or both surfaces. A high efficiency cooling structure has an emissive layer sandwiched between a waveguide layer and a thermal conductive layer. A solar cell panel is covered by a transparent passive radiative cooling film. A container housing an active cooling unit incorporates passive radiative cooling structures on one or more exterior surfaces.

A radiative cooling composition comprises a first component having >55% reflectance in a wavelength range of 0.2 to 2.5 μm and a second component having >0.85 peak thermal emissivity for at least one wavelength in a range of 4-35 μm. A third pigmented component of the composition is configured to emit at least a fraction of absorbed energy, and in certain embodiments the pigmented component comprises at least one phosphor.

A cooling system having an IR transparent foam or aerogel, made from an IR transparent material, and an optomechanical frame that serves to concentrate emitted radiation to the most transparent part sky to improve the net cooling power and serve as a mechanical support to the foam or aerogel.

The present disclosure provides a radiative cooling metal plate, a preparation method and application thereof. The radiative cooling metal plate includes a metal substrate, a first adhesive layer and a radiative cooling functional layer stacked in order, the radiative cooling functional layer is located on a surface of the metal substrate, the first adhesive layer is arranged between the metal substrate and the radiative cooling functional layer, and an elongation at break of the radiative cooling functional layer is in a range of 1% to 300%. The radiative cooling functional layer can have sufficient ductility, and can have sufficient deformation to cope with the bending of the radiative cooling functional layer during pressing, such that the radiative cooling functional layer will not be damaged or broken, thereby ensuring the structural integrity of the radiative cooling functional layer and great radiative cooling effect of the metal substrate.

The radiative cooling device includes an infrared radiative layer A that radiates infrared light IR from a radiative surface H, a light reflective layer B disposed on a side opposite to the radiative surface H with respect to the infrared radiative layer A, and a protective layer D disposed between the infrared radiative layer A and the light reflective layer B. The infrared radiative layer A is a resin material layer J having a thickness adjusted so as to emit a heat radiation energy greater than an absorbed solar energy in a wavelength range from 8 μm to 14 μm. The light reflective layer B contains silver or a silver alloy, and the protective layer D is formed from a polyolefin based resin with a thickness of 300 nm or more and 40 μm or less or an ethylene terephthalate resin with a thickness of 17 μm or more and 40 μm or less.

A cooling apparatus (1) for cooling a fluid by means of surface water comprises a plurality of tubes (10) for containing and transporting the fluid to be cooled in their interior, the tubes (10) being intended to be at least partially exposed to the surface water during operation of the cooling apparatus (1). Furthermore, the cooling apparatus (1) comprises a plurality of light sources (21, 22) for producing light that hinders fouling of the exterior of the tubes (10), the light sources (21, 22) being dimensioned and positioned with respect to the tubes (10) so as to cast anti-fouling light over the exterior of the tubes (10), wherein the light sources (21, 22) have a generally elongated shape, and wherein the light sources (21, 22) are arranged in at least two mutually different orientations in the cooling apparatus (1).

A composite material for passive radiative cooling including a base layer, and at least one emissive layer located adjacent to a surface of the base layer, wherein the at least one emissive layer is affixed to the surface of the base layer via a binding agent. Also disclosed are methods of applying passive coolers to articles and surfaces to be adapted for passive radiative cooling.

A cooling apparatus (1) for cooling a fluid with surface water, comprising at least one tube (8) for containing and transporting the fluid in its interior, the exterior of the tube (8) being in operation at least partially submerged in the surface water so as to cool the tube (8) to thereby also cool the fluid. The cooling apparatus (1) further comprises at least one light source (9) for producing light that hinders fouling on the submerged exterior, wherein the light source (9) is dimensioned and positioned with respect to the tube (8) so as to cast anti-fouling light over the tube's exterior. By this structure anti-fouling of the cooling apparatus (1) can be assured in an alternative and effective manner.

Embodiments described herein generally relate to a multi-mode heat transfer system. The heat transfer system includes an emitter device. The emitter device includes an inner core surrounded by an outer core having a thickness and an outer surface. A composite material pattern extends through at least a portion of the outer surface and at least a portion of the thickness of the outer core and is thermally coupled to the inner core. The composite material pattern in combination with an optimized emissivity surface coating/paint profile directs a heat from the inner core to an object other than the emitter device.