Methods of production of edible filamentous fungal biomat formulations are provided as standalone protein sources and/or protein ingredients in foodstuffs as well as a one-time use or repeated use self-contained biomat reactor comprising a container with at least one compartment and placed within the compartment(s), a feedstock, a fungal inoculum, a gas-permeable membrane, and optionally a liquid nutrient medium.

Provided are a seafood/livestock meat product improvement agent that can impart meaty firmness when used in a seafood/livestock meat product, and a seafood/livestock meat product. This seafood/livestock meat product improvement agent contains an oil/fat-processed starch having a heat solubility of 3% to 25% and a heat swelling degree of 8 times to 17 times, and is characterized in that the pH of the oil/fat-processed starch is 3.3 or higher and less than 6.5. The oil/fat-processed starch is preferably an oil/fat-processed distarch phosphate. The seafood/livestock meat product is characterized by containing the seafood/livestock meat product improvement agent described above.

Provided are a seafood/livestock meat product improvement agent that can impart meaty firmness when used in a seafood/livestock meat product, and a seafood/livestock meat product. This seafood/livestock meat product improvement agent contains an oil/fat-processed starch having a heat solubility of 3% to 25% and a heat swelling degree of 8 times to 17 times, and is characterized in that the pH of the oil/fat-processed starch is 3.3 or higher and less than 6.5. The oil/fat-processed starch is preferably an oil/fat-processed distarch phosphate. The seafood/livestock meat product is characterized by containing the seafood/livestock meat product improvement agent described above.

A cold forming process for forming a meat patty includes heating a ground meat product to a temperature T.sub.1, wherein T.sub.1≤40° F. The ground meat product is formed into an uncooked patty at temperature T.sub.1. The uncooked patty is precooked to form a precooked patty having a skin of depth D comprising denatured protein. The skin is formed on at least an area on the outside of the precooked patty. At least a first portion of the meat product disposed beneath said skin is at approximately T.sub.1. The precooked patty is cooked to form a cooked patty, wherein said at least a first portion of the meat product is at a temperature T.sub.2. The cooked patty is then frozen and then packaged.

An apparatus for processing a foodstuff material is provided, specifically for producing sausage products from sausage meat. The apparatus includes a stationary housing which has a wall and which can be connected in fluid-conducting relationship to a conveyor pump, and has a discharge opening for delivery of the foodstuff material. Arranged within the housing is an element for partially swirling the foodstuff material within the housing, which is rotatable relative to the wall and along which in operation at least a partial amount of the foodstuff material to be conveyed flows. The rotatable element ends within the housing before the discharge opening for delivery of the foodstuff material. The apparatus can produce a string with a substantially cylindrical outer contour from a foodstuff material like sausage meat.

A system for treating whole meat material and grinding whole meat material into ground meat product includes a microbial treatment station including a hopper into which whole meat material is deposited, a conveyor which conveys the whole meat material, and a microbial intervention apparatus configured to treat the whole meat material to substantially reduce an amount of microbes on an exterior surface of a whole meat material; a grinding station including a grinder downstream of the conveyor and operatively connected to the microbial treatment station, the grinder having a orifice plate through which the whole meat material passes and is ground into ground meat product and a cavity downstream of the orifice plate which receives the ground meat product and a microbial treatment apparatus in communication with the cavity and configured to treat the ground meat product to deter growth of microbes on the ground meat product.

A system for treating whole meat material and grinding whole meat material into ground meat product includes a microbial treatment station including a hopper into which whole meat material is deposited, a conveyor which conveys the whole meat material, and a microbial intervention apparatus configured to treat the whole meat material to substantially reduce an amount of microbes on an exterior surface of a whole meat material; a grinding station including a grinder downstream of the conveyor and operatively connected to the microbial treatment station, the grinder having a orifice plate through which the whole meat material passes and is ground into ground meat product and a cavity downstream of the orifice plate which receives the ground meat product and a microbial treatment apparatus in communication with the cavity and configured to treat the ground meat product to deter growth of microbes on the ground meat product.

A mutant transglutaminase (mutant TG) having high thermostability and/or high pH stability is provided. A mutant TG having a mutation at amino acid residue(s) such as D1, Y24, R48, S101, G102, N139, D142, L147, K152, G157, R167, N176, K181, E182, H188, D189, R208, T245, S246, G250, G275, S284, H289, G301, and K327 and/or a mutation of introducing a disulfide bond.

A mutant transglutaminase (mutant TG) having high thermostability and/or high pH stability is provided. A mutant TG having a mutation at amino acid residue(s) such as D1, Y24, R48, S101, G102, N139, D142, L147, K152, G157, R167, N176, K181, E182, H188, D189, R208, T245, S246, G250, G275, S284, H289, G301, and K327 and/or a mutation of introducing a disulfide bond.

Methods and devices heat or cool viscous materials, such as meat emulsions useful for producing food and other products. The devices include a heat exchanger including a first plate, a second plate attached to the first plate, and a first spacer and a second spacer arranged between the first plate and the second plate. The first plate, the second plate, the first spacer, and the second spacer define at least one temperature controlled passaged for a product to pass through the heat exchanger. The heat exchanger can be used in a system including one or more of a grinder, a mixing tank, an emulsifier device, a positive displacement pump, or a cutting device.