The invention relates to an internal combustion engine comprising a crankshaft, one or more cylinders including a cylinder head, a piston, a combustion chamber, one or more intake valves, one or more exhaust valves, an intake system configured for feeding intake air to the engine, an exhaust system configured for conveying exhaust gas away from the engine, a pressure charging system connected to the intake system and an exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) system arranged to feed branched off exhaust gas from the exhaust system to the intake system via an EGR conduit wherein: * the internal combustion engine includes a valve actuation device configured to allow for late or early closing of the intake valves in accordance with late or early Miller-type valve timing, and wherein * the EGR system includes a gas feeding device configured to feed exhaust gas through the EGR conduit in modes of operation wherein the pressure in the intake system exceeds the pressure in the exhaust system, * wherein the gas feeding device is a displacement pump and wherein the gas feeding device is arranged so that exhaust gas recirculating in the EGR system during operation of the engine passes the gas feeding device before being mixed with intake air in the intake system. Additionally, a method of improving efficiency of an internal combustion engine is described.

To keep medium purification efficiency at a high level and prevent deterioration of emission performance. An aspect of the present invention includes: a downstream equivalence ratio calculation unit that calculates a catalyst downstream exhaust gas equivalence ratio by using a catalyst statistical model that receives at least a detection value of an air-fuel ratio sensor on an upstream side of a catalyst and outputs a catalyst downstream exhaust gas equivalence ratio; an oxygen output calculation unit that calculates an output value of an oxygen sensor by using an oxygen sensor statistical model that receives the catalyst downstream exhaust gas equivalence ratio and outputs an output value of the oxygen sensor on the downstream side of the catalyst; a downstream equivalence ratio correction unit that corrects the catalyst downstream exhaust gas equivalence ratio calculated by the downstream equivalence ratio calculation unit based on a calculation result of the oxygen output calculation unit and the detection value of the oxygen sensor; and an air-fuel ratio control unit that controls an air-fuel ratio of an air-fuel mixture of an internal combustion engine based on the corrected catalyst downstream exhaust gas equivalence ratio and air-fuel ratio target value.

A big data-based driving information provision system may include a sensor configured to measure and collect state monitoring data of an engine, vehicle monitoring data, and vibration data; an engine electronic control unit (ECU) configured to generate a combustion characteristic index (CCI) data of the engine; and a graphic controller configured to generate a primary deep learning model which classifies the big data including the state monitoring data, the vehicle monitoring data, the vibration data, and the CCI into at least two categories.

A big data-based driving information provision system may include a sensor configured to measure and collect state monitoring data of an engine, vehicle monitoring data, and vibration data; an engine electronic control unit (ECU) configured to generate a combustion characteristic index (CCI) data of the engine; and a graphic controller configured to generate a primary deep learning model which classifies the big data including the state monitoring data, the vehicle monitoring data, the vibration data, and the CCI into at least two categories.

Various aspects of the present disclosure are directed to, for example, a method for calculating a data envelope while calibrating a technical system. In some specific embodiments, the d-dimensional calibration space, which comprises the calibration variables required for the calibration, is divided into a first sub-calibration space having a dimension d.sub.sub<d and at least one further sub-calibration space, and a d.sub.sub-dimensional data envelope is calculated at least for the first sub-calibration space using available data points and is checked during the calibration as an auxiliary condition.

Various aspects of the present disclosure are directed to, for example, a method for calculating a data envelope while calibrating a technical system. In some specific embodiments, the d-dimensional calibration space, which comprises the calibration variables required for the calibration, is divided into a first sub-calibration space having a dimension d.sub.sub<d and at least one further sub-calibration space, and a d.sub.sub-dimensional data envelope is calculated at least for the first sub-calibration space using available data points and is checked during the calibration as an auxiliary condition.

A filter monitor system (“FMS”) module is installed on the engine/vehicle and is connected to the filter systems, sensors and devices to monitor various performance parameters. The module also connects to the engine control module (“ECM”) and draws parameters from the ECM. The FMS module is capable of interfacing with various output devices such as a smartphone application, a display monitor, an OEM telematics system or a service technician's tool on a computer. The FMS module consists of hardware and software algorithms which constantly monitor filter systems and provide information to the end-user. FMS module provides necessary inputs and outputs for electronic sensors and devices.

A filter monitor system (“FMS”) module is installed on the engine/vehicle and is connected to the filter systems, sensors and devices to monitor various performance parameters. The module also connects to the engine control module (“ECM”) and draws parameters from the ECM. The FMS module is capable of interfacing with various output devices such as a smartphone application, a display monitor, an OEM telematics system or a service technician's tool on a computer. The FMS module consists of hardware and software algorithms which constantly monitor filter systems and provide information to the end-user. FMS module provides necessary inputs and outputs for electronic sensors and devices.

The internal-combustion-engine control apparatus has an intake-air-temperature correction control apparatus including a first-order advance compensation means that calculates an advance-compensation amount for an intake-air temperature detection signal, a time constant determination means that calculates a time constant of the first-order advance compensation means, and a first-order delay compensation means that receives a calculation value of the first-order advance compensation means; the time constant determination means includes a time constant setting means that sets a time constant, based on an intake-air flow rate detection signal, an upper-limit-value setting means that sets an upper limit value of the time constant calculated by the time constant determination means, and a minimum value selection means that selects and outputs a minimum value of a time constant set by the time constant setting means and the upper limit value set by the upper-limit-value setting means.

The internal-combustion-engine control apparatus has an intake-air-temperature correction control apparatus including a first-order advance compensation means that calculates an advance-compensation amount for an intake-air temperature detection signal, a time constant determination means that calculates a time constant of the first-order advance compensation means, and a first-order delay compensation means that receives a calculation value of the first-order advance compensation means; the time constant determination means includes a time constant setting means that sets a time constant, based on an intake-air flow rate detection signal, an upper-limit-value setting means that sets an upper limit value of the time constant calculated by the time constant determination means, and a minimum value selection means that selects and outputs a minimum value of a time constant set by the time constant setting means and the upper limit value set by the upper-limit-value setting means.