Methods and systems are provided for reducing late burn induced cylinder pre-ignition events. Forced entry of residuals from a late burning cylinder into a neighboring cylinder may be detected based on engine block vibrations sensed in a window during an open exhaust valve of the late burning cylinder. In response to the entry of residuals, a pre-ignition mitigating action, such as fuel enrichment or deactivation, is performed in the neighboring cylinder.

An injection device for injecting a combined water/gaseous fuel mixture into a combustion space of an engine. The injection device comprises: a first inlet for receiving a supply of water into a water chamber; a second inlet for receiving a supply of gaseous fuel into a flow passage; a mixing device comprising a valve assembly which is configured to control the flow of water between the water chamber and the flow passage so as to establish a combined gaseous fuel/water mixture within the flow passage; and an injection nozzle including a valve needle which is operable to control the delivery of the combined gaseous fuel/water mixture from the flow passage into the combustion space. The disclosure also extends to a fuel injection system.

An internal combustion engine (ICE) system operating on a hydrogen-based fuel, comprising: an ICE having at least one cylinder at least partly defining a combustion chamber; a fuel injector arrangement configured to inject a pilot diesel fuel portion and a main hydrogen-based fuel portion into the combustion chamber; an exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) system having an EGR conduit arranged to connect an exhaust manifold and an air intake manifold to permit recirculation of exhaust gas through the at least one cylinder during operation of the ICE; a water condensate extraction system configured to be in fluid communication with the EGR system and further configured to extract water condensate from the exhaust gases circulating in the EGR conduit; and a diesel-water emulsion blender and storage system configured to receive the extracted condensed water and further configured to create a diesel-water emulsion from the extracted condensed water and diesel.

A radially deformable volume splitter of an emulsion injection common rail for a fuel injection system of a spark ignition engine. The volume splitter may be tubular and elongate, extending along a longitudinal axis from a first end to a second end. The volume splitter may comprise: a deformable longitudinal slot operable to radially deform the volume splitter from a first state for insertion into a cavity of the emulsion injection common rail to a second state for use inside the cavity; and a set of grooves, arranged on an outer surface of the volume splitter, for connecting an inlet of the cavity to one or more outlets of the cavity, in use.