According to one or more other aspects of the present disclosure, a system for reforming a liquid hydrocarbon fuel includes a mixing zone with a fuel intake fluidly coupled to a liquid hydrocarbon fuel source and an oxygen-containing gas intake fluidly coupled to an oxygen-containing gas source. The mixing zone further includes at least one atomizing nozzle and a fuel distribution zone downstream the at least on atomizing nozzle. The system also includes a catalyst reaction zone downstream the mixing zone, including a monolith block having a plurality of flow channels defined by monolith walls and a reforming catalyst coated onto the monolith walls. The atomizing nozzle generates a plurality of droplets comprising the liquid hydrocarbon fuel suspended in oxygen-containing gas. The fuel distribution zone distributes the plurality of droplets to each of the plurality of flow channels to contact the reforming catalyst including N-hydroxyphthalimide.

According to one or more other aspects of the present disclosure, a system for reforming a liquid hydrocarbon fuel includes a mixing zone with a fuel intake fluidly coupled to a liquid hydrocarbon fuel source and an oxygen-containing gas intake fluidly coupled to an oxygen-containing gas source. The mixing zone further includes at least one atomizing nozzle and a fuel distribution zone downstream the at least on atomizing nozzle. The system also includes a catalyst reaction zone downstream the mixing zone, including a monolith block having a plurality of flow channels defined by monolith walls and a reforming catalyst coated onto the monolith walls. The atomizing nozzle generates a plurality of droplets comprising the liquid hydrocarbon fuel suspended in oxygen-containing gas. The fuel distribution zone distributes the plurality of droplets to each of the plurality of flow channels to contact the reforming catalyst including N-hydroxyphthalimide.

According to one or more other aspects of the present disclosure, a system for reforming a liquid hydrocarbon fuel includes a mixing zone with a fuel intake fluidly coupled to a liquid hydrocarbon fuel source and an oxygen-containing gas intake fluidly coupled to an oxygen-containing gas source. The mixing zone further includes at least one atomizing nozzle and a fuel distribution zone downstream the at least on atomizing nozzle. The system also includes a catalyst reaction zone downstream the mixing zone, including a monolith block having a plurality of flow channels defined by monolith walls and a reforming catalyst coated onto the monolith walls. The atomizing nozzle generates a plurality of droplets comprising the liquid hydrocarbon fuel suspended in oxygen-containing gas. The fuel distribution zone distributes the plurality of droplets to each of the plurality of flow channels to contact the reforming catalyst including N-hydroxyphthalimide.

A hybrid vehicle comprising a liquefied light hydrocarbon or hydrogen (LLH) fuel system is disclosed. The fuel system comprises an insulated fuel tank having a buffer space containing vaporized fuel, an orifice plate and a fuel coil conveying a first fuel vapor to a buffer tank through a first solenoid valve; a fuel line conveying a second fuel vapor through a second solenoid valve to the buffer tank and a pressure regulator, wherein an outlet to the buffer tank connects to the pressure regulator and wherein an outlet of the pressure regulator is adapted to connect to a fuel inlet to an energy conversion device selected from the group of fuel cells, Stirling engines and internal combustion engines. Methods of using the hybrid vehicle are also disclosed.

According to one or more other aspects of the present disclosure, a system for reforming a liquid hydrocarbon fuel includes a mixing zone with a fuel intake fluidly coupled to a liquid hydrocarbon fuel source and an oxygen-containing gas intake fluidly coupled to an oxygen-containing gas source. The mixing zone further includes at least one atomizing nozzle and a fuel distribution zone downstream the at least on atomizing nozzle. The system also includes a catalyst reaction zone downstream the mixing zone, including a monolith block having a plurality of flow channels defined by monolith walls and a reforming catalyst coated onto the monolith walls. The atomizing nozzle generates a plurality of droplets comprising the liquid hydrocarbon fuel suspended in oxygen-containing gas. The fuel distribution zone distributes the plurality of droplets to each of the plurality of flow channels to contact the reforming catalyst including N-hydroxyphthalimide.

According to one or more other aspects of the present disclosure, a system for reforming a liquid hydrocarbon fuel includes a mixing zone with a fuel intake fluidly coupled to a liquid hydrocarbon fuel source and an oxygen-containing gas intake fluidly coupled to an oxygen-containing gas source. The mixing zone further includes at least one atomizing nozzle and a fuel distribution zone downstream the at least on atomizing nozzle. The system also includes a catalyst reaction zone downstream the mixing zone, including a monolith block having a plurality of flow channels defined by monolith walls and a reforming catalyst coated onto the monolith walls. The atomizing nozzle generates a plurality of droplets comprising the liquid hydrocarbon fuel suspended in oxygen-containing gas. The fuel distribution zone distributes the plurality of droplets to each of the plurality of flow channels to contact the reforming catalyst including N-hydroxyphthalimide.

An apparatus for supplying a coolant in a throttle body includes a heating adaptor having a coolant passage therein in which coolant supplied thereto is circulated and discharged, a passage switching valve movably installed in a coupling hole provided at an inlet of the heating adaptor, and having a bypass passage in which the coolant circulated along the coolant passage is selectively blocked, and a drive unit connected to the passage switching valve for sliding the passage switching valve so that the coolant supplied to the heating adaptor is discharged along the bypass passage.

A method for managing emissions from a vehicle having an aftertreatment system is provided. The method includes: receiving, by a controller, information indicative of a temperature of an aftertreatment system of the vehicle and a power output of an engine of the vehicle; comparing, by the controller, the temperature of the aftertreatment system to a temperature threshold; comparing, by the controller, the power output to a power output threshold; and responsive to the comparisons, commanding, by the controller, an aftertreatment system heater to selectively engage and disengage to warm the aftertreatment system of the vehicle.

A method for managing emissions from a vehicle having an aftertreatment system is provided. The method includes: receiving, by a controller, information indicative of a temperature of an aftertreatment system of the vehicle and a power output of an engine of the vehicle; comparing, by the controller, the temperature of the aftertreatment system to a temperature threshold; comparing, by the controller, the power output to a power output threshold; and responsive to the comparisons, commanding, by the controller, an aftertreatment system heater to selectively engage and disengage to warm the aftertreatment system of the vehicle.

A method includes receiving, by a controller, information indicative of a temperature of an aftertreatment system of the vehicle and an exhaust gas characteristic. The method includes comparing, by the controller, the temperature of the aftertreatment system to a temperature threshold, and comparing, by the controller, the exhaust gas characteristic to a characteristic threshold. The method includes, responsive to the comparisons, commanding, by the controller, an aftertreatment system heater to selectively engage or disengage to warm the aftertreatment system of the vehicle.