A cryopump includes: a cryocooler which includes a high-temperature cooling stage and a low-temperature cooling stage; a radiation shield which surrounds the low-temperature cooling stage, extends in an axial direction, and is thermally coupled to the high-temperature cooling stage; a plurality of adsorption cryopanels which are disposed between a cryopump intake port and the low-temperature cooling stage in the axial direction and are thermally coupled to the low-temperature cooling stage; and a condensation cryopanel which is disposed between the radiation shield and the plurality of adsorption cryopanels in a radial direction, is thermally coupled to the low-temperature cooling stage, and has a tubular shape extending in the axial direction and being open at both ends.

A cryopump includes: a cryocooler which includes a high-temperature cooling stage and a low-temperature cooling stage; a radiation shield which surrounds the low-temperature cooling stage, extends in an axial direction, and is thermally coupled to the high-temperature cooling stage; a plurality of adsorption cryopanels which are disposed between a cryopump intake port and the low-temperature cooling stage in the axial direction and are thermally coupled to the low-temperature cooling stage; and a condensation cryopanel which is disposed between the radiation shield and the plurality of adsorption cryopanels in a radial direction, is thermally coupled to the low-temperature cooling stage, and has a tubular shape extending in the axial direction and being open at both ends.

Systems and methods that facilitate forming and maintaining FRCs with superior stability as well as particle, energy and flux confinement and, more particularly, systems and methods that facilitate forming and maintaining FRCs with elevated system energies and improved sustainment utilizing multi-scaled capture type vacuum pumping.

Systems and methods that facilitate forming and maintaining FRCs with superior stability as well as particle, energy and flux confinement and, more particularly, systems and methods that facilitate forming and maintaining FRCs with elevated system energies and improved sustainment utilizing multi-scaled capture type vacuum pumping.

A cryopump has a cryogenic refrigerator with cold and colder stages that cool a radiation shield, a primary cryopumping array and a frontal array. The frontal array is coupled to the cold stage and is spaced from and wrapped around the frontally facing envelope of the primary cryopumping array. The frontal array may be recessed from the frontal opening and closer to the primary cryopumping array than to the frontal opening.

A cryopump has a cryogenic refrigerator with cold and colder stages that cool a radiation shield, a primary cryopumping array and a frontal array. The frontal array is coupled to the cold stage and is spaced from and wrapped around the frontally facing envelope of the primary cryopumping array. The frontal array may be recessed from the frontal opening and closer to the primary cryopumping array than to the frontal opening.

A GM cryocooler includes a first cold head including a first displacer that is reciprocable in an axial direction, a first drive piston that drives the first displacer in the axial direction, and a first drive chamber that houses the first drive piston; a second cold head including a second displacer that is reciprocable in the axial direction, and a second cylinder that houses the second displacer; a first intake valve that is connected to both the first drive chamber and the second cylinder so as to supply working gas in parallel to the first drive chamber and the second cylinder; and a first exhaust valve that is connected to both the first drive chamber and the second cylinder so as to collect the working gas in parallel from the first drive chamber and the second cylinder.

A terpene extraction system and method of extracting terpenes from plant biomass are described. The plant biomass is derived from a cannabis source plant, as one example source plant. A reactor assembly and one or more cold traps can be a part of the system, and can be involved in the method. The reactor assembly has a housing that receives the plant biomass, and has an agitator that moves the plant biomass in the housing, per an example. The cold trap(s) is situated downstream of the reactor assembly. A heater and a vacuum pump can also be part of the terpene extraction system, and can be involved in the method.

A terpene extraction system and method of extracting terpenes from plant biomass are described. The plant biomass is derived from a cannabis source plant, as one example source plant. A reactor assembly and one or more cold traps can be a part of the system, and can be involved in the method. The reactor assembly has a housing that receives the plant biomass, and has an agitator that moves the plant biomass in the housing, per an example. The cold trap(s) is situated downstream of the reactor assembly. A heater and a vacuum pump can also be part of the terpene extraction system, and can be involved in the method.

Systems and methods are provided that facilitate forming and maintaining FRCs with superior stability as well as particle, energy and flux confinement and, more particularly, systems and methods that facilitate forming and maintaining FRCs with elevated system energies and improved sustainment utilizing neutral beam injectors with tunable beam energy capabilities.