The invention provides a method for computational fluid dynamics and apparatuses making enable an efficient implementation and use of an enhanced jet-effect, either the Coanda-jet-effect, the hydrophobic jet-effect, or the waving-jet-effect, triggered by specifically shaped corpuses and tunnels. The method is based on the approaches of the kinetic theory of matter providing generalized equations of fluid motion and is generalized and translated into terms of electromagnetism. The method is applicable for slow-flowing as well as fast-flowing real compressible-extendable generalized fluids and enables optimal design of convergent-divergent nozzles, providing for the most efficient jet-thrust. The method can be applied to airfoil shape optimization for bodies flying separately and in a multi-stage cascaded sequence. The method enables apparatuses for electricity harvesting from the fluid heat-energy, providing a positive net-efficiency. The method enables generators for practical-expedient power harvesting using constructive interference of waves due to the waving jet-effect.

The invention provides a method for computational fluid dynamics and apparatuses making enable an efficient implementation and use of an enhanced jet-effect, either the Coanda-jet-effect, the hydrophobic jet-effect, or the waving-jet-effect, triggered by specifically shaped corpuses and tunnels. The method is based on the approaches of the kinetic theory of matter providing generalized equations of fluid motion and is generalized and translated into terms of electromagnetism. The method is applicable for slow-flowing as well as fast-flowing real compressible-extendable generalized fluids and enables optimal design of convergent-divergent nozzles, providing for the most efficient jet-thrust. The method can be applied to airfoil shape optimization for bodies flying separately and in a multi-stage cascaded sequence. The method enables apparatuses for electricity harvesting from the fluid heat-energy, providing a positive net-efficiency. The method enables generators for practical-expedient power harvesting using constructive interference of waves due to the waving jet-effect.

Systems and methods are described herein to implement transverse momentum injection at low frequencies to directly modify large-scale eddies in a turbulent boundary layer on a surface of an object. A set of transverse momentum injection actuators may be positioned on the surface of the object to affect large-scale eddies in the turbulent boundary layer. The system may include a controller to selectively actuate the transverse momentum injection actuators with an actuation pattern to affect the large-scale eddies to modify the drag of the fluid flow on the surface. In various embodiments, the transverse momentum injection actuators may be operated at frequencies less than 10,000 Hertz.

Systems and methods are described herein to implement transverse momentum injection at low frequencies to directly modify large-scale eddies in a turbulent boundary layer on a surface of an object. A set of transverse momentum injection actuators may be positioned on the surface of the object to affect large-scale eddies in the turbulent boundary layer. The system may include a controller to selectively actuate the transverse momentum injection actuators with an actuation pattern to affect the large-scale eddies to modify the drag of the fluid flow on the surface. In various embodiments, the transverse momentum injection actuators may be operated at frequencies less than 10,000 Hertz.

An airflow separation detecting method includes: applying an alternating-current voltage having a predetermined voltage value to a plasma actuator, the plasma actuator being disposed on a part of a surface of an object; and detecting that separation, from the surface of the object, of an airflow flowing on the surface of the object is occurring, in a case where an absolute value of a temporal variation rate of an electric power consumption value of the plasma actuator or an absolute value of a temporal variation rate of a current value of the plasma actuator is equal to or greater than a predetermined value, the temporal variation rate being a rate of variation relative to time, the electric power consumption value or the current value of the plasma actuator being measured under application of the alternating-current voltage having the predetermined voltage value to the plasma actuator.

An antenna apparatus is provided. The antenna apparatus in embodiments of this application includes a radome. An interference structure is disposed on a surface of the radome, and the interference structure is configured to change an airflow at a surface boundary layer when the airflow passes through the surface of the radome. The interference structure is disposed on the antenna apparatus to change the airflow at the surface boundary layer.

A bonded body wherein functional base material is attached to object to be bonded. Functional base material and object are bonded with functional base material's end portion covered so operational effect neither lost nor adversely affected by fluid, bonded body has strong bonding property preventing functional base material peeled off due to weather. Peelability allows functional base material repair ease. Functional base material provided on object's curved surface to be bonded to along curved and/or smooth surface of object to be bonded to along smooth surface. Functional base material has peripheral side surface with peripheral distal-most end portion. Peripheral gap part provided between object to be bonded to and functional base material on inside of peripheral distal-most end portion and on side opposing to object to be bonded to. Peripheral gap part filled with holding member extending in laminar fan shape from peripheral side surface along curved and/or smooth surface.

A bonded body wherein functional base material is attached to object to be bonded. Functional base material and object are bonded with functional base material's end portion covered so operational effect neither lost nor adversely affected by fluid, bonded body has strong bonding property preventing functional base material peeled off due to weather. Peelability allows functional base material repair ease. Functional base material provided on object's curved surface to be bonded to along curved and/or smooth surface of object to be bonded to along smooth surface. Functional base material has peripheral side surface with peripheral distal-most end portion. Peripheral gap part provided between object to be bonded to and functional base material on inside of peripheral distal-most end portion and on side opposing to object to be bonded to. Peripheral gap part filled with holding member extending in laminar fan shape from peripheral side surface along curved and/or smooth surface.

A reduced drag surface involves a perforated or porous surface exposed to a flowing fluid and a slip interface disposed between the surface and the flowing fluid, wherein the slip interface is formed from an entrapped fluid trapped at the surface. A method for modifying a drag coefficient on a reduced drag surface involves the steps of supplying a fluid to a perforated or porous surface exposed to a flowing fluid, wherein the surface traps the fluid at the surface to form an entrapped fluid and forming a slip interface between the surface and the flowing fluid, wherein the slip interface is formed from the entrapped fluid. An apparatus for a reduced drag surface includes the reduced drag surface described above and a source of fluid fluidically coupled to the surface such that the source supplied fluid to the surface to form the entrapped fluid.

A lift control device actively controls the lift force on a lifting surface. The device has a protuberance near a trailing edge of its lifting surface, which causes flow to separate from the lifting surface, generating regions of low pressure and high pressure which combine to increase the lift force on the lifting surface. The device further includes a means to keep the flow attached around the protuberance or to modify the position of the protuberance in response to a command from a central controller, so as to provide an active control of the lift between a maximum value and a minimum value.