A brake module includes an inner member rotating with a tire-wheel assembly, an annular outer disk disposed on an outer periphery of the inner member, a pad generating a braking force when the pad abuts against the outer disk, a piston moving the pad in an axial direction of the outer disk by sliding, a facing pad disposed on an opposite side of the outer disk with respect to the pad and generating a braking force when the facing pad abuts against the outer disk, and a fixing member fixed to the outer disk or the inner member in contact with both the outer disk and the inner member and holding the outer disk to be movable in the axial direction. The piston presses and moves the outer disk via the pad and allows the outer disk to abut against the facing pad during braking.

A hydraulic disc brake device to be mounted on a bicycle is disclosed, wherein the device includes a caliper main body, two brake linings, two membranes, and two rings. The caliper main body has a channel and two oil chambers respectively formed on two sides of the channel. Each of the oil chambers has an opening facing the channel. A part of a brake disc of the bicycle is located in the channel. The brake linings are provided in the channel, and are on two sides of the brake disc. The membranes are assembled to the caliper main body to seal the openings. By injecting hydraulic oil into the oil chambers, the membranes are pushed by the hydraulic oil to push against the brake linings, making the brake linings approach each other to clamp the brake disc, to thereby stop the bicycle.

A pad pin receiver includes a body plate is attached to an inner side of a pin insertion portion provided in a back plate of a disc brake pad. The pin insertion portion engages with a pin inserted into the pin insertion portion during braking. The body plate covers a portion of an inner peripheral surface of the pin insertion portion. A bent plate is bent at at least one end portion of the body plate in a length direction of the body plate. When the body plate is attached to the pin insertion portion, the body plate extends in a thickness direction of the back plate, and the bent plate overlaps with the back plate in the thickness direction of the back plate.

Land vehicles and methods of operating land vehicles are disclosed. A land vehicle includes a frame structure, a plurality of wheels, and a brake system. The frame structure includes a front cage that at least partially defines an operator cabin and a rear compartment positioned rearward of the front cage in a longitudinal direction. The plurality of wheels are supported by the frame structure. Each of plurality of wheels is sized to permit direct integration of an electric motor therein.

Land vehicles and methods of operating land vehicles are disclosed. A land vehicle includes a frame structure, a plurality of wheels, and a brake system. The frame structure includes a front cage that at least partially defines an operator cabin and a rear compartment positioned rearward of the front cage in a longitudinal direction. The plurality of wheels are supported by the frame structure. Each of plurality of wheels is sized to permit direct integration of an electric motor therein.

An electromagnetic active brake which is de-energized in the brake standby state, includinga brake body (1),a brake device with at least two opposing brake shoes (9, 12) which are spaced from a component to be braked in the de-energized state of the active brake,and an electromagnet (5) which is arranged in the brake body (1) and the armature (6) of which interacts with a brake lever (2). The armature (6) of the electromagnet (5) is rigidly connected to a spring compressor (3) which is guided in the brake body (1) and which is moved by the armature (6) in the axial direction of the armature (6) when the electromagnet (5) is energized and in this manner clamps a spring (16) against an abutment (20) that interacts with the brake lever (2) and is arranged in an axially adjustable manner in the direction of the path of the spring compressor (3). The active brake according to the invention is highly energy-saving and thus economical.

An electromagnetic active brake which is de-energized in the brake standby state, includinga brake body (1), a brake device with at least two opposing brake shoes (9, 12) which are spaced from a component to be braked in the de-energized state of the active brake, and an electromagnet (5) which is arranged in the brake body (1) and the armature (6) of which interacts with a brake lever (2). The armature (6) of the electromagnet (5) is rigidly connected to a spring compressor (3) which is guided in the brake body (1) and which is moved by the armature (6) in the axial direction of the armature (6) when the electromagnet (5) is energized and in this manner clamps a spring (16) against an abutment (20) that interacts with the brake lever (2) and is arranged in an axially adjustable manner in the direction of the path of the spring compressor (3). The active brake according to the invention is highly energy-saving and thus economical.

The invention relates to a composite or a composite membrane consisting of an ionomer and of an inorganic optionally functionalized phyllosilicate. The isomer can be: (a) a cation exchange polymer; (b) an anion exchange polymer; (c) a polymer containing both anion exchanger groupings as well as cation exchanger groupings on the polymer chain; or (d) a blend consisting of (a) and (b), whereby the mixture ratio can range from 100% (a) to 100% (b). The blend can be ionically and even covalently cross-linked. The inorganic constituents can be selected from the group consisting of phyllosilicates or tectosilicates.

Disclosed is a brake device, including a motor unit operated by an electrical signal, a gear unit having a plurality of gears connected to the motor unit, a cylinder unit having a piston connected to the gear unit to be propelled by operations of a plurality of the gears, a brake pad unit connected to the piston to be propelled by propulsion of the piston, and a caliper body having the cylinder unit seated thereon to guide the brake pad unit. Disclosed is a vehicle having a brake device, the brake device including a motor unit operated by an electrical signal, a gear unit having a plurality of gears connected to the motor unit, a cylinder unit having a piston connected to the gear unit to be propelled by operations of a plurality of the gears, a brake pad unit connected to the piston to be propelled by propulsion of the piston, and a caliper body having the cylinder unit seated thereon to guide the brake pad unit.

A brake disk or drum has at least one working surface which opposes a braking member such as a brake pad or shoe. A plurality of spaced, raised island formations are provided across the working surface, with channels extending between the island formations. Each raised island formation has an outer surface which contacts a brake pad or brake shoe during braking.