A wire material for a canted coil spring includes a core wire composed of a steel having a pearlite structure, a copper plating layer covering the outer peripheral surface of the core wire, the copper plating layer being composed of copper or a copper alloy, and a hard layer disposed adjacent to the outer periphery of the copper plating layer, the hard layer having a higher hardness than the copper plating layer. The steel constituting the core wire contains 0.5% or more by mass and 1.0% or less by mass carbon, 0.1% or more by mass and 2.5% or less by mass silicon, and 0.3% or more by mass and 0.9% or less by mass manganese, the balance being iron and unavoidable impurities.

A rubbery composition is prepared by combining (A) a rubber component, (B) a cellulose, and (C) fluorene compound having a 9,9-bis(aryl)fluorene skeleton. The fluorene compound (C1) may be a compound represented by the following formula (1):

##STR00001##

wherein a ring Z represents an arene ring, R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 represent a substituent, X.sup.1 represents a heteroatom-containing functional group, k denotes an integer of 0 to 4, n denotes an integer of not less than 1, p denotes an integer of not less than 0. The rubbery composition has improved mechanical properties such as strength, elongation, and hardness.

An aluminum alloy that has high yield strength enabling use as a substitute for iron- and copper-based metal materials, and has a constant break elongation even at narrow diameters. The aluminum alloy has an alloy composition containing 0.20-1.80 mass % of Mg, 0.20-2.00 mass % of Si, and 0.01-1.50 mass % of Fe, with a balance being Al and inevitable impurities. The aluminum alloy material has a fibrous metallic microstructure in which a plurality of crystal grains extend so as to be aligned in one direction, and in a cross section parallel to the one direction, an average value of a maximum dimension in a direction perpendicular to the longitudinal direction of a plurality of the crystal grains is no more than 400 nm, and viewing the cross section in a thickness direction, when observing at a central part, specific voids having a maximum dimension in a direction perpendicular to the longitudinal direction of no less than 1.0 μm are not present, or an existence number of the specific voids is no more than 15 per 10000 μm.sup.2.

A transducer system isolates vibrations produced by a transducer. The transducer system comprises the transducer and a vibration isolation system. The transducer can produce vibrations and is configured to be coupled to a device. The transducer includes a first sub-assembly including a coil assembly and a second sub-assembly including one or more magnets. The vibration isolation system is configured to isolate vibrations produced by the transducer from the device. The vibration isolation system includes a plurality of support brackets, and a suspension component including a plurality of flexures. The plurality of flexures includes a first set of flexures configured to suspend the first sub-assembly from the support brackets, a second set of flexures configured to suspend the second sub-assembly from the first sub-assembly, and a third set of flexures configured to suspend the second sub-assembly from the support brackets.

Helical compression spring for use in an actuator for opening and closing a door or a tailgate of a car has an outer diameter between 15 and 50 mm and comprises a helically coiled steel wire. The steel wire has a non-circular cross-section with an equivalent diameter d (in mm) of the steel wire is between 1 mm and 12 mm. The cross-section may have at least two opposing parallel sides. The cross-section further has rounded edges, wherein the rounded edges have a radius of curvature ranging from 0.10 mm to 5.0 mm. The microstructure of the steel wire in the helical compression spring is cold deformed pearlite. In comparison with helical compression springs with round cross-sections, the non-round helical compression springs may occupy less space or reach higher breaking loads within the same space.

A damper spring having an excellent fatigue limit is provided. A damper spring according to the present embodiment includes a nitrided layer formed in an outer layer, and a core portion that is further inward than the nitrided layer. The chemical composition of the core portion consists of, in mass%, C: 0.53 to 0.59%, Si: 2.51 to 2.90%, Mn: 0.70 to 0.85%, P: 0.020% or less, 5: 0.020% or less, Cr: 1.40 to 1.70%, Mo: 0.17 to 0.53%, V: 0.23 to 0.33%, Cu: 0.050% or less, Ni: 0.050% or less, Al: 0.0050% or less, Ti: 0.050% or less, N: 0.0070% or less, and Nb: 0 to 0.020%, with the balance being Fe and impurities. In the core portion, a number density of V-based precipitates having a maximum diameter ranging from 2 to 10 nm is 500 to 8000 pieces/μm.sup.2.

A copper-coated steel wire includes: a core wire made of steel having a pearlite structure; and a coating layer covering a surface of the core wire and made of Cu or a Cu alloy. The steel contains C by greater than or equal to 0.5% by mass and less than or equal to 1.0% by mass, Si by greater than or equal to 0.1% by mass and less than or equal to 2.5% by mass, Mn by greater than or equal to 0.3% by mass and less than or equal to 0.9% by mass, and the balance consisting of Fe and inevitable impurities. In a cross section perpendicular to a longitudinal direction, a value of surface roughness Ra of the core wire is greater than or equal to 25% and less than or equal to 70% of a thickness of the coating layer.

A spring consists of, by mass %, 0.5 to 0.7% of C, 1.0 to 2.0% of Si, 0.1 to 1.0% of Mn, 0.1 to 1.0% of Cr, not more than 0.035% of P, not more than 0.035% of S, and the balance of Fe and inevitable impurities. The spring has a structure including not less than 65% of bainite and 4 to 13% of residual austenite by area ratio in a cross section. The spring has a compressive residual stress layer in a cross section from a surface to a depth of 0.35 mm to D/4, in which D (mm) is a circle-equivalent diameter of the cross section. The spring has a high hardness layer with greater hardness than a center portion by 50 to 500 HV from a surface to a depth of 0.05 to 0.3 mm.

A wire rod and a steel wire for a high stress suspension spring for motorcycles, wherein decarbonization and low-temperature structure occurrence are easily suppressed when the wire rod and the steel wire are cooled down; and a manufacturing method therefor. A steel wire for a high strength spring includes, in percent by weight (wt %), 0.55 to 0.65% of carbon (C), 0.5 to 0.9% of silicon (Si), 0.3 to 0.8% of manganese (Mn), 0.3 to 0.6% of chromium (Cr), 0.015% or less of phosphorus (P), 0.01% or less of sulfur (S), 0.01% or less of aluminum (Al), 0.005% or less of nitrogen (N), and the remainder of iron (Fe) and inevitable impurities, satisfies Formula (1) below, and comprises 90% or more of a tempered martensite structure. In Formula (1), C, Mn, Cr, and Si denote contents (wt %) of the corresponding elements, respectively. (1) 0.77≤C+(⅙)*Mn+(⅕)*Cr+( 1/24)*Si≤0.83.

A valve includes a first inline compartment to attach to a first return line exiting a processing chamber and a second inline compartment to attach to a second return line entering a coolant source. A flow compartment is attached between the first inline compartment and the second inline compartment and through which a coolant is to return to the coolant source. A first inlet orifice and a second inlet orifice positioned between the first inline compartment and the flow compartment. A plunger has a tip to variably open and close the second inlet orifice. A shape memory alloy (SMA) spring is positioned on the plunger and attached to the tip, the SMA spring to variably increase or decrease a flow rate of the coolant through the second inlet orifice according to a temperature of the coolant.