A coil spring modeling apparatus includes a first attachment member disposed on a lower spring seat, a second attachment member disposed on an upper spring seat, an actuator unit formed of a Stewart-platform-type parallel mechanism, a hydraulic pressure supply device, a torsion detection mechanism, and a controller. The torsion detection mechanism is constituted of displacement gauges such as a linear variable differential transformer. The displacement gauges are provided on hydraulic cylinders, and detect amounts of displacement relative to the reference lengths of the hydraulic cylinders, respectively. The controller calculates a relative torsional angle between the first attachment member and the second attachment member based on the detected displacement.

A mechanical link (100, FIG. 5), the mechanical link comprising a first arm (120), a second arm (140) and an interconnection member (160), wherein: the first arm is rotatable about a first axis of the interconnection member; the second arm is rotatable about a second axis of the interconnection member, the second axis being orthogonal to the first axis; and wherein: a flexible member (400) extends along the first and second arms and is adapted to accommodate rotation of the arms about the first and second axes, the flexible member having a single coiled portion (440) which is received within the interconnection member such that the coiled portion can coil and uncoil to accommodate rotation of the first arm, wherein the coiled portion is further configured to twist about an axis of the flexible member to accommodate rotation of the second arm.

A canted coil spring includes a core wire 10 formed of steel having a pearlite structure; and a copper plating layer 20 formed of copper or a copper alloy and covering an outer circumferential surface 11 of the core wire 10. The steel contains 0.5 mass % or more and 1.0 mass % or less carbon, 0.1 mass % or more and 2.5 mass % or less silicon, and 0.3 mass % or more and 0.9 mass % or less manganese, with the balance being iron and inevitable impurities. The copper plating layer 20 has a crystallite size of 220±50 Å.

Push-cables and associated apparatus and systems are disclosed. In one embodiment, a push-cable assembly for use with a pipe inspection system may include a push-cable element having a proximal end and a distal end, with a spring assembly having varying flexibility coupled to or near the distal end. The spring assembly may include an outer coiled spring having a proximal and a distal end, and an inner coiled spring nested at least partially within the outer coiled spring. A camera head and/or other elements such as a cutting or jetting apparatus may be coupled at or near the distal end.

Fuel pump for a direct injection system provided with a common rail. The fuel pump has a pumping chamber defined in a main body; a piston which is mounted in a sliding manner inside the pumping chamber to cyclically vary the volume of the pumping chamber; an intake channel which originates from a wall of the pumping chamber; an intake valve which is coupled to the intake channel; a delivery channel which originates from a wall of the pumping chamber; a delivery valve which is coupled to the delivery channel; and an actuating spring which has a plurality of turns having a pitch that varies between the turns and that is coupled to the piston so as to push the piston towards a maximum volume or minimum volume position of the pumping chamber.

A coil spring modeling apparatus includes a first attachment member disposed on a lower spring seat, a second attachment member disposed on an upper spring seat, an actuator unit formed of a Stewart-platform-type parallel mechanism, a spring height detection mechanism, and a controller. The spring height detection mechanism is constituted of displacement gauges such as a linear variable differential transformer. These gauges are provided on hydraulic cylinders, and detect amounts of displacement relative to the reference lengths of the hydraulic cylinders, respectively. A hydraulic pressure supply device is controlled by the controller and supplies fluid pressure according to the displacement detected by the gauges to the respective hydraulic cylinders.

A coil spring modeling apparatus includes a first attachment member disposed on a lower spring seat, a second attachment member disposed on an upper spring seat, an actuator unit formed of a Stewart-platform-type parallel mechanism, a spring height detection mechanism, and a controller. The spring height detection mechanism is constituted of displacement gauges such as a linear variable differential transformer. These gauges are provided on hydraulic cylinders, and detect amounts of displacement relative to the reference lengths of the hydraulic cylinders, respectively. A hydraulic pressure supply device is controlled by the controller and supplies fluid pressure according to the displacement detected by the gauges to the respective hydraulic cylinders.

A magazine for storing and feeding ammunition cartridges to a small arms weapon which comprises a casing, a floor plate, a follower, and a magazine spring inside the casing. The magazine spring may comprise a first end connected to the follower, a second end connected to the floor plate, and a plurality of coils. Each of the plurality of coils may include a first segment having a first radius, a second segment having a first length adjoining the first segment, a third segment having a second radius adjoining the second segment, the second radius being greater than the first radius, and a fourth segment having a second length adjoining the third segment, the second length being approximately equal to the first length.

A magazine for storing and feeding ammunition cartridges to a small arms weapon which comprises a casing, a floor plate, a follower, and a magazine spring inside the casing. The magazine spring may comprise a first end connected to the follower, a second end connected to the floor plate, and a plurality of coils. Each of the plurality of coils may include a first segment having a first radius, a second segment having a first length adjoining the first segment, a third segment having a second radius adjoining the second segment, the second radius being greater than the first radius, and a fourth segment having a second length adjoining the third segment, the second length being approximately equal to the first length.

A coil spring includes a resilient portion having a first diameter defined by a first central axis that is hypothetical and an end coil abutting on one end of the resilient portion in an axial direction of the resilient portion. The end coil has a second diameter defined by a second central axis that is hypothetical and shifted from the first central axis of the resilient portion in parallelism with the first central axis of the resilient portion by a predetermined shift amount. A coupler has a first width that is smaller than the first diameter of the resilient portion and greater than a second width obtained by subtracting the predetermined shift amount from the first diameter of the resilient portion. The coupler is inserted into the end coil to secure the end coil to the coupler.