A system (10) for delivery of dilute fluid, utilizing an active fluid source (12), a diluent fluid source (14), a fluid flow metering device (24) for dispensing of one of the active and diluent fluids, a mixer (38) arranged to mix the active and diluent fluids to form a diluted active fluid mixture, and a monitor (42) arranged to sense concentration of active fluid and/or diluent fluid in the diluted active fluid mixture, and responsively adjust the fluid flow metering device (24) to achieve a predetermined concentration of active fluid in the diluted active fluid mixture. A pressure controller (34) is arranged to control flow of the other of the active and diluent fluids so as to maintain a predetermined pressure of the diluted active fluid mixture dispensed from the system. The fluid dispensed from the system then can be adjustably controlled by a flow rate controller, e.g., a mass flow controller, to provide a desired flow to a fluid-utilizing unit, such as a semiconductor process tool. An end point monitoring assembly is also described, for switching fluid sources (12, 15) to maintain continuity of delivery of the diluted active fluid mixture.

A method of transporting natural gas by liquefaction of natural gas at ambient temperature, achieved by mixing the natural gas at high pressure with a hydrocarbon that is a stable liquid at ambient temperature and ambient pressure. The hydrocarbon liquid may be crude oil or a distillate of crude oil. The method includes: liquefaction: mixing the natural gas with the hydrocarbon liquid at an ambient temperature and a high pressure to generate a liquid mixture, which contains the natural gas dissolved in the hydrocarbon liquid; shipping: transporting the liquid mixture using a marine tanker, during which the liquid mixture is maintained at ambient temperature and the high pressure; and regasification: at the destination, releasing a gas from the liquid mixture by lowering the pressure of the liquid mixture. The hydrocarbon liquid may be used multiple times.

Draining a cryogenic storage vessel to remove a pump is timing consuming, expensive and can result in increased greenhouse gas emissions. A cryogenic storage vessel comprises an inner vessel defining a cryogen space and an outer vessel spaced apart from and surrounding the inner vessel, defining a thermally insulating space between the inner and outer vessels. A receptacle comprises an outer sleeve and an inner sleeve, and defines passages for delivery of liquefied gas from the cryogen space to outside the cryogenic storage vessel. The outer sleeve intersects opposite sides of the inner vessel, with the opposite ends of the outer sleeve defining an interior space in fluid communication with the thermally insulating space that is sealed from the cryogen space. The inner sleeve has an open end supported from the outer vessel, and extends into the interior space defined by the outer sleeve, and a closed end opposite the open end, defining a receptacle space that is fluidly isolated from the thermally insulating space. A fluid communication channel extends from the cryogen space to the receptacle space, and can be selectively closed to allow the pump to be removed.

A liquified gas expansion system for cryotherapy establishes a continuous flow of cooled gases to a treatment environment. Sensors within the treatment environment measure temperature at least at the upper and lower portions of the chamber. Using data from each sensor a liquified gas expansion valve controls the expansion of a liquified gas in an expansion chamber. A treatment environment valve and an ambient environment valve are manipulated to control a combination of ambient atmosphere to expanding liquified gas impacting the pressure and flow volume within the expansion chamber. The combined expanded liquified gas in its gaseous form and ambient atmosphere are directed to the treatment environment via the treatment environment valve.

Apparatus and method of storing useful gas comprising respective sources of a gas and a liquid. a sealed storage container. gas inlet and outlet means of the storage container, liquid inlet and outlet means of the storage container, and control means including a pressure monitoring device to maintain a substantially constant pressure in the storage container by control of the amount of the gas and liquid being transferred to and withdrawn from the storage container by way of the respective inlet and outlet means, wherein the gas and the liquid are immiscible so that the gas fills a space in the storage container over the liquid surface.

A process for the explosion-proof storage of nitrous oxide in the liquid phase in a container comprising filling the container with nitrous oxide and an inert component selected from nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide, water, argon, helium, krypton, xenon and mixtures thereof, and keeping it at a temperature of 190 to 273 K, wherein (i) the container has in all three spatial directions an inner distance between two opposite interior walls of 10 cm, (ii) the concentration of the inert components comprises 2 to 20 wt.-% in total, based on the nitrous oxide in the liquid phase, and (iii) compounds selected fromgases having a flammable range with air at 293.15 K and 101.3 kPa abs,liquids having a flash point of 366.15 K at 101.3 kPa abs, andmixtures thereof are kept at 0 to 2 wt.-% in total, based on the nitrous oxide in the liquid phase.