A composite including: at least one selected from a silicon oxide of the formula SiO.sub.2 and a silicon oxide of the formula SiO.sub.x wherein 0<x<2; and graphene, wherein the silicon oxide is disposed in a graphene matrix.

A high-quality electrochemical optical device includes: first and second substrates having electrodes so that the electrodes of the second substrates are arranged to correspondingly face the electrodes of the first substrate; reaction/ion conduction layers each disposed between one electrode of the first substrate and a corresponding one electrode of the second substrate; and conduction materials disposed between the first and second substrates and between the reaction/ion conduction layers. Electrochemical optical element regions are defined in a tiling fashion at respective positions of the reaction/ion conduction layers to correspondingly include the electrodes of the first and second substrates, and the reaction/ion conduction layer. The conduction materials electrically connect the electrochemical optical element regions in series in the same direction by connecting the electrode of the first substrate in one of the mutually adjacent electrochemical optical element regions and the electrode of the second substrate in the other electrochemical optical element region.

A high-quality electrochemical optical device includes: first and second substrates having electrodes so that the electrodes of the second substrates are arranged to correspondingly face the electrodes of the first substrate; reaction/ion conduction layers each disposed between one electrode of the first substrate and a corresponding one electrode of the second substrate; and conduction materials disposed between the first and second substrates and between the reaction/ion conduction layers. Electrochemical optical element regions are defined in a tiling fashion at respective positions of the reaction/ion conduction layers to correspondingly include the electrodes of the first and second substrates, and the reaction/ion conduction layer. The conduction materials electrically connect the electrochemical optical element regions in series in the same direction by connecting the electrode of the first substrate in one of the mutually adjacent electrochemical optical element regions and the electrode of the second substrate in the other electrochemical optical element region.

Provided is an electrochemical luminescent cell 10 having a luminescent layer 12 and electrodes 13, 14 provided on each surface of the luminescent layer 12. The luminescent layer 12 comprises an organic polymeric luminescent material and a combination of at least two organic salts. In particular, the luminescent layer preferably comprises a combination of at least two types of ionic liquids represented by formula (1) (wherein R.sub.1, R.sub.2, R.sub.3 and R.sub.4 each represent an optionally-substituted alkyl group, alkoxy alkyl group, trialkylsilylalkyl group, alkenyl group, alkynyl group, aryl group or heterocylic group. R.sub.1, R.sub.2, R.sub.3 and R.sub.4 may be the same or different. M represents N or P. X.sup. represents an anion.)

Provided is an electrochemical luminescent cell 10 having a luminescent layer 12 and electrodes 13, 14 provided on each surface of the luminescent layer 12. The luminescent layer 12 comprises an organic polymeric luminescent material and a combination of at least two organic salts. In particular, the luminescent layer preferably comprises a combination of at least two types of ionic liquids represented by formula (1) (wherein R.sub.1, R.sub.2, R.sub.3 and R.sub.4 each represent an optionally-substituted alkyl group, alkoxy alkyl group, trialkylsilylalkyl group, alkenyl group, alkynyl group, aryl group or heterocylic group. R.sub.1, R.sub.2, R.sub.3 and R.sub.4 may be the same or different. M represents N or P. X.sup. represents an anion.)

An optical element comprises a first electrode; a second electrode partially including insulating areas; a seal frame member located between the first electrode and the second electrode; an electrolyte layer that fills a space defined by the first substrate, the second substrate, and the seal frame member; a first connection electrode disposed outside the seal frame member on the surface of the first substrate facing the second substrate; and a second connection electrode disposed outside the seal frame member on the surface of the second substrate facing the first substrate, wherein, in an area surrounded by the seal frame member, a proportion of the insulating areas of the second electrode included in an unit area relatively close to the first connection electrode is higher than that included in an unit area positioned in the middle of the seal frame member.

An optical element comprises a first electrode; a second electrode partially including insulating areas; a seal frame member located between the first electrode and the second electrode; an electrolyte layer that fills a space defined by the first substrate, the second substrate, and the seal frame member; a first connection electrode disposed outside the seal frame member on the surface of the first substrate facing the second substrate; and a second connection electrode disposed outside the seal frame member on the surface of the second substrate facing the first substrate, wherein, in an area surrounded by the seal frame member, a proportion of the insulating areas of the second electrode included in an unit area relatively close to the first connection electrode is higher than that included in an unit area positioned in the middle of the seal frame member.

Provided is a light-emitting electrochemical cell including a light-emitting layer 3, a first electrode 1, and a second electrode 2, wherein the light-emitting layer contains an ionic compound and the ionic compound contains an anion having a silicon atom. The anion has a silicon-containing group represented, for example, by SiR.sup.1R.sup.2R.sup.3 (R.sup.1 to R.sup.3 are all bonded directly to Si) and an anion group. The anion group is represented, for example, by SO.sub.3.sup., OSO.sub.3.sup., or OP(OR.sup.0)O.sub.3.sup.. R.sup.0 to R.sup.3 are each independently an alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms. Two alkyl groups selected from R.sup.1, R.sup.2, and R.sup.3 are optionally bonded to each other to form an alkylene group having 4 or 5 carbon atoms and constituting a cyclic structure together with the silicon atom.

Provided is a light-emitting electrochemical cell including a light-emitting layer 3, a first electrode 1, and a second electrode 2, wherein the light-emitting layer contains an ionic compound and the ionic compound contains an anion having a silicon atom. The anion has a silicon-containing group represented, for example, by SiR.sup.1R.sup.2R.sup.3 (R.sup.1 to R.sup.3 are all bonded directly to Si) and an anion group. The anion group is represented, for example, by SO.sub.3.sup., OSO.sub.3.sup., or OP(OR.sup.0)O.sub.3.sup.. R.sup.0 to R.sup.3 are each independently an alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms. Two alkyl groups selected from R.sup.1, R.sup.2, and R.sup.3 are optionally bonded to each other to form an alkylene group having 4 or 5 carbon atoms and constituting a cyclic structure together with the silicon atom.

A composite including: at least one selected from a silicon oxide of the formula SiO.sub.2 and a silicon oxide of the formula SiO.sub.x wherein 0<x<2; and graphene, wherein the silicon oxide is disposed in a graphene matrix.