A combustion system such as a furnace or boiler includes a perforated reaction holder configured to hold a combustion reaction that produces very low oxides of nitrogen (NOx).

The present embodiments provide an incinerator which includes a system for reducing NOx and CO emissions. A computational fluid dynamics module is configured to generate a plurality of models related to a plurality of incinerator parameters. A programmable logic controller dynamically maintains a plurality of set points. Further, the programmable logic controller receives a plurality of output signals from a plurality of sensors and compares the plurality of output signals with the plurality of set points. The programmable logic controller is further to affect an amount of above-fire combustion air, an amount of under-fire combustion air, and an amount of above-fire and under-fire flue gas recirculation to reduce NOx emissions produced by the incinerator.

A horticultural smudging system and method for improving the growth and/or production of plants. Combustible material is burnt within a thermal container, and the resulting flue gas containing negative ions and carbon dioxide is propelled onto one or more plants. The smudging system and method may use one or more sensors to detect oxygen, air pressure, and flue gas levels within the thermal container to adjust air intake and the release of flue gas.

Systems and methods for firing an insulator is described. A kiln includes at least three zones on a wall of the kiln, a processing unit, and at least three PID controllers. The at least three zones have at least three burners arranged vertically. The processing unit determines firing ratio information for the at least three zones. Each of the PID controllers corresponds to a zone of the at least three zones. The at least three PID controllers control supply of gas and air to the at least three burners of the at least three zones based on the firing ratio information.

In a gas hot water heater, changes of the signal output of an A/F sensor are calibrated in the atmosphere, in which the A/F sensor detects an oxygen concentration in a combustion tube. The gas supplied via a gas supply pipe is injected, together with in-taken air, into a combustion tube, which is incorporated in a hot water supply tank, via an injection unit. A proportional valve controls a combustion state in the combustion tube based on the detected oxygen concentration to thereby heat water supplied in the hot water supply tank. A purging process is performed to supply air into the combustion tube, at a timing between an extinguishment operation first performed after the ignition the gas mixture in the combustion tube and a re-ignition operation. Changes of signal output characteristics of the A/F sensor are subject to the calibration after the purging process.

A combustion system includes a distal flame holder, a pilot fuel distributor, a main fuel distributor, an oxidant source, an array of sensors, and a controller. The oxidant source outputs an oxidant. The pilot fuel distributor supports a pilot flame configured to preheat the distal flame holder by outputting a pilot fuel at least when the combustion system is in a preheating state. The main fuel source outputs a main fuel in the standard operating state. The distal flame holder is configured to support a combustion reaction of the main fuel and the oxidant in the standard operating state. The sensors are configured to sense parameters of the pilot flame and the distal flame holder and to output sensor signals to the controller. The controller executes software instructions that include adjusting the flow of the main fuel, the pilot fuel, and the oxidant responsive to the sensor signals.

A controller monitors temperature in a bio-fuel fired device and automatically controls dampers, blowers and the like to reduce generation of smoke or other pollutants, thereby promoting proper operation of a catalytic converter.

A burner includes an atomizing chamber, a flame tube in front of the atomizing chamber adapted to direct combusting fuel introduced by the atomizing chamber along an interior of the flame tube, and a controller. The controller is programmed to independently control rate of fuel flow to the atomizing chamber, rate of atomizing air flow to the atomizing chamber, and rate of combustion air to the flame tub. The controller is also programmed to perform operations including regulating, based on output of a gas sensor, at least the rate of combustion air to the flame tube to substantially maintain a first predetermined amount of excess air in the flame tube.

In a method for estimating water content of exhaust gas, a first gas concentration at a first position in an exhaust passage, a second gas concentration at a second position downstream of the first position, and a gas temperature at the second position are obtained. A saturated water vapor at the gas temperature is calculated as a water content at the second position. By using the water content at the second position and the second gas concentration, an excess air amount of a fuel-air mixture supplied to a combustion apparatus is calculated based on a chemical reaction formula of combustion of the mixture. By using the excess air amount and the first gas concentration, a water content at the first position is estimated.

A controller monitors oxygen levels in a bio-fuel fired device and automatically controls dampers, blowers and the like to reduce generation of smoke or other pollutants, thereby promoting proper operation of a catalytic converter.