A solar warming apparatus includes a container with a heating band, a box that houses the container, and a lens supported by the box to focus light rays onto the heating band. The heating band conducts heat to the container's contents, while the top and bottom parts of the container are thermally insulating. In some embodiments, the lens is a Fresnel lens, and the container is rotatable via one or more rollers driven by various mechanisms, including motors or manual cranks. The system may incorporate optical focusing, safety features, and interchangeable or dual-chamber container designs to accommodate a variety of heating applications using sunlight.

A desalination and brine treatment apparatus (100) includes a support (120) and at least one evaporator component (122) in contact with the support (120), wherein one or more of the support (120) and the evaporator component (122) include mesh (150). Methods of desalination and brine treatment are provided for removing salt (196) from saltwater (102) utilizing energy such as solar energy (104).

A solar energy utilization system is provided with: a Perovskite solar cell part 12 that converts light energy of sunlight into electrical energy; a solar water heater heat-collection plate 14 that is disposed below the Perovskite solar cell part 12, and that collects heat obtained from the sunlight that has passed through the Perovskite solar cell part 12; a casing 20 for housing the Perovskite solar cell part 12 and the solar water heater heat-collection plate 14; a tempered glass part 16 that is provided within the casing 20, and on which the Perovskite solar cell part 12 is placed; and a flow path part 18 that is provided within the casing 20 in contact with the solar water heater heat-collection plate 14, and that allows fluid to flow to exchange heat collected by the solar water heater heat-collection plate 14.

A Fresnel spot lens desalinization system includes a Fresnel spot lens (FSL) disposed above a heating element. The heating element has a collector plate and a rod portion; The FSL concentrates solar energy onto the collector plate. A condenser vessel is connected to the collector plate. The rod portion extends into the condenser vessel having a heat resistant exterior shell. The rod portion projects interiorly of the condenser vessel at a downward angle and includes a top portion that is connected to a flat head of the heating element. The flat head receives the solar energy generated from FSL The concentrated solar energy increases the temperature of the heating element inside the condenser vessel to vaporize the salt water to steam and transfer the steam into a condensing tube to condense the steam into pure water.