A thermal management system includes a closed-circuit refrigeration system (CCRS) that includes a vapor cycle system (VCS). The VCS includes a receiver configured to store a refrigerant fluid; a liquid separator; a compressor; a condenser; at least one evaporator configured to extract heat from at least one heat load that is in thermal conductive or convective contact with the evaporator; and a thermal energy storage (TES) that stores a phase change material. The thermal management system further includes a liquid pumping system (LPS) that includes the TES, the at least one evaporator, and the liquid separator, with the LPS further including a pump. The VCS is configured to operate one at a time in at least one of three operational modes that are a TES cooling mode, a heat load cooling mode, or a pump-down mode. The LPS is configured to operate in the heat load cooling mode.

A system for cooling a plurality of processors in a data center is disclosed. The cooling system includes a refrigeration system having a compressor for compressing a carbon dioxide (CO2) working fluid, an air cooled heat exchanger downstream from the compressor and located out-of-doors for cooling the working fluid, an expansion device downstream from the heat exchanger, a cooling device located within the data center in which the working fluid is expanded to cool the processors by circulating the cooled air around the processors, and a return line for the return of the working fluid from the cooling device to the compressor.

A CO.sub.2 refrigeration system includes a plurality of compressors configured to circulate a CO.sub.2 refrigerant, a suction line configured to deliver the CO.sub.2 refrigerant to the compressors, an oil separator configured to separate oil from the CO.sub.2 refrigerant, and an oil return line configured to deliver the oil from the oil separator to the suction line. The oil mixes with the CO.sub.2 refrigerant in the suction line before reaching the compressors.

A three-dimensionally distributed liquid atomization heat exchanger includes a housing, an air extraction device, a heat exchange device and a liquid atomization device. The air extraction device is used for forming negative pressure in the housing. The liquid atomization device comprises a liquid supply pipe, atomization discharge pipes and atomization heads. The atomization discharge pipes are connected to the liquid supply pipe. The atomization heads are arranged on the atomization discharge pipes. The atomization discharge pipes are three-dimensionally distributed in the housing. Control devices are arranged on the atomization heads to control the atomization heads to be opened or closed. The control devices are connected to a control center which can, according to a preset time, a preset percentage of the atomization heads which are open and a randomization function, select randomly the atomization heads to be opened or closed.

An apparatus includes a high side heat exchanger, a heat exchanger, a flash tank, a first expansion valve, a second expansion valve, a load, a first compressor, and a second compressor. During a first mode of operation, the second expansion valve directs refrigerant from the flash tank to the load. The refrigerant from the load bypasses the first compressor. The heat exchanger transfers heat from the refrigerant from the high side heat exchanger to the refrigerant from the load. The second compressor compresses the refrigerant from the heat exchanger. During a second mode of operation, the first expansion valve directs refrigerant from the flash tank to the load. The first compressor compresses the refrigerant from the load and the second compressor compresses the refrigerant from the first compressor before the refrigerant from the first compressor reaches the high side heat exchanger.

A refrigeration system including one or more first compressor(s) for compressing a carbon dioxide (CO.sub.2) refrigerant, a main heat rejection system for cooling the CO.sub.2 refrigerant, one or more high pressure expansion device(s) for reducing the pressure of the CO.sub.2 refrigerant, a receiver for storing the CO.sub.2 refrigerant, one or more high pressure expansion device(s), an evaporator and a receiver pressure regulating device. The refrigeration system further includes an auxiliary refrigeration system including an auxiliary compressor arranged to compress at least part of the CO.sub.2 refrigerant and thereafter to direct the compressed CO.sub.2 refrigerant to a heat rejection system.

Provided is a thermal management system. A compressor comprises a first flow channel for circulating a refrigerant and a second flow channel for circulating a cooling liquid, the first flow channel of the compressor being not in communication with the second flow channel of the compressor. The thermal management system can simultaneously execute a first refrigerating mechanism and a cooling mechanism, and can realize thermal management of both a vehicle compartment and a compressor; in the cooling mechanism, the cooling liquid flows through the second flow channel of the compressor, then waste heat of the compressor is brought to a third heat exchanger (14) by means of circulation flow of the cooling liquid, and heat is released into an atmospheric environment by means of the third heat exchanger (14), thereby reducing the temperature of the cooling liquid, and the compressor is cooled by means of circulation flow of the cooling liquid, such that the temperature of the refrigerant at an inlet of a compression assembly of the compressor is low, the concentration of the compressed refrigerant is high, such that the compression efficiency of the compressor can be increased, thereby increasing the working efficiency of the compressor.

A system includes a flash tank and a thermal storage tank. The flash tank is configured to store refrigerant and discharge a flash gas. The thermal storage tank is fluidically coupled to the flash tank and configured, when a power outage is determined to be occurring, to receive at least a portion of the flash gas from the flash tank, and remove heat from the flash gas. When a power outage is determined not to be occurring, the thermal storage tank directs refrigerant to a compressor.

A method for operating a refrigeration system for a vehicle, the refrigeration system including a refrigerant circuit with a heat pump function. The refrigerant circuit has an exterior heat exchanger, which is operated as a condenser or gas cooler to perform a refrigeration system mode or which is operated as a heat pump evaporator to carry out a heat pump mode. The refrigerant circuit further has an interior heating condenser or heating gas cooler for carrying out a heating mode. The interior heating condenser or heating gas cooler is fluidically connected downstream of the exterior heat exchanger with a reheating expansion device therebetween to carry out a reheating mode. The opening cross-section of the reheating expansion device is controlled in accordance with a refrigeration system parameter indicating the required reheating power.

Systems and methods for implementing ejector refrigeration cycles with cascaded evaporation stages that utilize a pump to optimize operation of the ejector and eliminate the need for a compressor between the evaporation stages.