A heat exchanger comprises a glass body having a first flat face and a second flat face on opposing ends, and defining a longitudinal axis therebetween. A plurality of holes in the glass body are elongated along the longitudinal axis by extending from said first flat face to said second flat face. The plurality of holes are configured to receive and direct a gas therethrough, to exchange heat between the gas and the glass body.

A heat exchanger includes a glass body having a first flat face and a second flat face on opposing ends, and defining a longitudinal axis therebetween. A plurality of holes in the glass body are elongated along the longitudinal axis by extending from said first flat face to said second flat face. The plurality of holes are configured to receive and direct a gas therethrough, to exchange heat between the gas and the glass body.

In a cryogenic refrigerator, a displacer defines an internal space, and circulates a working fluid in the internal space. A cylinder houses the displacer such as to enable it to reciprocate, and, at an interval from the bottom side of the displacer, forms an expansion space for the working fluid. A cooling stage is provided along an outer circumferential and bottom portion of the cylinder, in a location corresponding to the expansion space. A heat exchanger is arranged inside the expansion space and is thermally connected to the cooling stage. An end portion of the displacer on its expansion-space side has an opening that serves as an entry/exit port between the internal space and the expansion space for the working fluid. A working-fluid flow channel connects the internal space and the expansion space via the heat exchanger.

A two-stage pulse tube cryocooler, having compact size, less vibration and lower manufacturing cost is disclosed, in which at least a first stage of the cryocooler is coaxial, but in which first and second stages may be coaxial by locating circular regenerators of each stage inside of corresponding annular pulse tubes. A second stage circular regenerator is installed below a first stage regenerator. This configuration allows preassembly of the regenerator assembly and a base tube assembly in one or more stages. The pulse tube, which is annular, is coaxially formed with an outside surface of the assembled regenerator assembly and an inner surface of the outer tube of the base tube assembly after installation of the regenerator assembly.

A pulse tube refrigerator/cryocooler apparatus including: an inlet for receiving a cyclically moving volume of gas; a regenerator device fluidly connected to the inlet for storing and recovering thermal energy from the gas; a pulse tube fluidly connected to the regenerator; and a conduit fluidly connected at one end to the pulse tube and fluidly connected at its opposite end to a container, said container providing a storage volume for gas, wherein apparatus is configured such that the cyclically moving gas enters the regenerator in a direction parallel to its elongate axis.

An apparatus includes a glass body having a first face and a second face on opposing ends and defining a longitudinal axis between the opposing ends. The glass body includes multiple planar exterior surfaces, each extending continuously from the first face to the second face. The glass body also includes an interior surface surrounding an aperture, the aperture extending longitudinally from the first face to the second face. The glass body further includes a plurality of holes surrounding the aperture, where the holes are disposed within the glass body and extend longitudinally from the first face to the second face. The holes are configured to receive and direct a gas through the holes to exchange heat between the gas and the glass body.

A cryogenic refrigerator includes a Scotch yoke mechanism including a Scotch yoke and a bearing movably engaged with the Scotch yoke, and a displacer caused to reciprocate in a cylinder by the Scotch yoke mechanism, so that a refrigerant gas inside an expansion space formed in the cylinder is expanded by the reciprocation of the displacer to generate cold temperatures. The Scotch yoke includes a concave part at a position corresponding to a top dead center of the displacer.

A cryogenic refrigerator includes a Scotch yoke mechanism including a Scotch yoke and a bearing movably engaged with the Scotch yoke, and a displacer caused to reciprocate in a cylinder by the Scotch yoke mechanism, so that a refrigerant gas inside an expansion space formed in the cylinder is expanded by the reciprocation of the displacer to generate cold temperatures. The Scotch yoke includes a concave part at a position corresponding to a top dead center of the displacer.

A cryogenic refrigerator includes a Scotch yoke mechanism including a Scotch yoke and a bearing movably engaged with the Scotch yoke, and a displacer caused to reciprocate in a cylinder by the Scotch yoke mechanism, so that a refrigerant gas inside an expansion space formed in the cylinder is expanded by the reciprocation of the displacer to generate cold temperatures. The Scotch yoke includes a concave part at a position corresponding to a top dead center of the displacer.

A cryocooler includes a second-stage cooling stage, a second cylinder which includes the second-stage cooling stage on a terminal of the second-stage cylinder, a second-stage displacer which includes a magnetic regenerator material and is accommodated in the second-stage cylinder so as to be able to reciprocate in the second-stage cylinder, and a tubular magnetic shield which is installed on the second-stage cooling stage and extends along the second-stage cylinder outside the second-stage cylinder. The magnetic shield is formed of a normal conductor and a product of an electrical conductivity in a temperature range of 10 K (Kelvin) or less and a thickness of the tubular magnetic shield is 60 MS (Mega-Siemens) to 1980 MS.