A sintering furnace can have a housing, one or more heating elements, and a conveying assembly. Each heating element can be disposed within the housing and can subject a heating zone to a thermal shock temperature profile. A substrate with one or more precursors thereon can be moved by the conveying assembly through an inlet of the housing to the heating zone, where it is subjected to a first temperature of at least 500 C. for a first time period. The conveying assembly can then move the substrate with one or more sintered materials thereon from the heating zone and through an outlet of the housing.

An apparatus comprises a shrink tunnel for use in a production system for the production of packaging units from packaging materials filled with a product and having shrink film shrunk thereon, the shrink tunnel comprising a tunnel zone, heating means for application of heat to shrink the shrink film onto packaging units moved through the tunnel zone, the tunnel zone being maintained at a tunnel temperature equal to a target operating temperature, wherein the tunnel has an operating mode and a standby mode, wherein heat output during the standby mode is less than heat output during the operating mode, and wherein the standby mode is triggered by at least one of a time control and a signal control.

An apparatus comprises a shrink tunnel for use in a production system for the production of packaging units from packaging materials filled with a product and having shrink film shrunk thereon, the shrink tunnel comprising a tunnel zone, heating means for application of heat to shrink the shrink film onto packaging units moved through the tunnel zone, the tunnel zone being maintained at a tunnel temperature equal to a target operating temperature, wherein the tunnel has an operating mode and a standby mode, wherein heat output during the standby mode is less than heat output during the operating mode, and wherein the standby mode is triggered by at least one of a time control and a signal control.

A carburization device includes a heating furnace which heats a material, a transfer mechanism, an alcohol vapor generator, an alcohol vapor spraying portion, a quenching tank, and an exhaust heat intake tube. The transfer mechanism moves a plurality of materials. The alcohol vapor generator uses part of heat generated by the heating furnace as a heat source. As the alcohol vapor spraying portion repeats a vapor spraying step and a diffusion step a plurality of times in the heating furnace. In the vapor spraying step, by spraying alcohol vapor on the material which moves inside the heating furnace, carbon in the alcohol is adsorbed to the material. In the diffusion step, an interval for diffusing the carbon adsorbed to the material is taken.

Disclosed is a method and device for determining the loss on ignition of at least part of an iron and steel product during passage through a furnace upstream of a descaler. The device includes electromagnetic sensors, with at least one arranged to scan the product's lower surface near the furnace outlet, the sensor oriented so the scanning plane of the electromagnetic radiation from the sensor is perpendicular to a direction of movement; a set of at least two electromagnetic sensors upstream of the descaler, oriented so their scanning planes are substantially on a single plane perpendicular to the direction of movement of the at least part of the product; and at least two electromagnetic sensors downstream of the descaler, oriented so their scanning planes are substantially on a single plane perpendicular to the product's movement direction. The sensors determine the height of the product upstream and downstream of the descaler.

A measuring system for determining the temperature of a heat treatment material in a continuous furnace, includes a support, a data processing and/or data storage device and at least one temperature sensor, at least one receptacle for a sample of the heat treatment material being formed on the support, and the support being at least partially formed by a frame system.

A measuring system for determining the temperature of a heat treatment material in a continuous furnace, includes a support, a data processing and/or data storage device and at least one temperature sensor, at least one receptacle for a sample of the heat treatment material being formed on the support, and the support being at least partially formed by a frame system.

An annealing facility in which a steel sheet after cold rolling is sequentially threaded through an annealing furnace having at least a first region, a second region, and a third region to continuously undergo finish annealing. Each of the regions of the annealing furnace is independently controllable in terms of the gas composition and the dew point of the atmosphere. The second region is composed of a heating zone, a soaking zone, and a cooling zone all having atmospheric temperatures of 900 C. or higher, with an atmospheric gas controlled to have a nitrogen content of 30 vol % or less and a dew point of 40 C. or lower. Further, an electrical steel sheet, preferably a non-oriented electrical steel sheet with low iron loss is produced by performing finish annealing using this annealing facility.

A transfer apparatus includes a first transfer assembly configured to allow a plurality of objects to be introduced and including a plurality of first rollers and a first driver configured to drive the plurality of first rollers, a second transfer assembly including a plurality of second rollers, a plurality of alignment areas on the plurality of second rollers, and a plurality of second drivers configured to drive the plurality of second rollers, wherein a number of the plurality of alignment areas may correspond to a maximum number of the objects allowed to be introduced, and a third transfer assembly configured to allow the objects to discharge therefrom and including a plurality of third rollers and a third driver configured to drive the plurality of third rollers wherein the second transfer assembly further includes a first controller configured to individually control rotational speeds of the plurality of second rollers.

A transfer apparatus includes a first transfer assembly configured to allow a plurality of objects to be introduced and including a plurality of first rollers and a first driver configured to drive the plurality of first rollers, a second transfer assembly including a plurality of second rollers, a plurality of alignment areas on the plurality of second rollers, and a plurality of second drivers configured to drive the plurality of second rollers, wherein a number of the plurality of alignment areas may correspond to a maximum number of the objects allowed to be introduced, and a third transfer assembly configured to allow the objects to discharge therefrom and including a plurality of third rollers and a third driver configured to drive the plurality of third rollers wherein the second transfer assembly further includes a first controller configured to individually control rotational speeds of the plurality of second rollers.