A method for determining temperature of reflow oven is provided. In the method, the electronic device receives an initial setting temperature of each of at least one zone of the reflow oven and obtains target feature data of each of the at least one zone of the reflow oven by predicting the initial setting temperature through a predetermined machine learning model. The electronic device further obtains actual data of each of the at least one zone of the reflow oven corresponding to the initial setting temperature in response that the initial setting temperature meets the production requirements and determines a target setting temperature of each of the at least one zone of the reflow oven based on the preset conditions, the initial setting temperature, and the actual data.

There are provided a method for heat treatment, a heat treatment apparatus, and a heat treatment system capable of efficiently controlling heat treatment such as a bright treatment with high precision and without causing oxidation and decarbonization. Computation of G.sup.0 (standard formation Gibbs energy) is performed by referring to sensor information from respective sensors, and an Ellingham diagram, a control range, and a status of the heat treatment furnace in operation expressed with G.sup.0 are displayed on a display device 531, while a flow rate of hydrocarbon gas is controlled by a control unit 534 so that G.sup.0 is within the control range.

A furnace system including an outer shell which comprises a top flange, an elongated body portion, and a bottom flange, wherein the outer shell is a pressure vessel, with no penetrations in the elongated body portion; a heater assembly which comprises (i) a single-piece annular shaped insulation layer, and (ii) a plurality of heaters embedded in the insulation layer, wherein the heater assembly is disposed within the elongated body portion of the outer shell; and an innermost layer disposed within the annular-shaped insulation layer, wherein the innermost layer is a baffle tube configured to force a natural convective flow, wherein each of the plurality of heaters is individually controllable and the plurality of heaters are configured to heat different zones within the furnace to different temperatures and/or at different rates. The system may be used to heat treat magnet materials, such as those formed of Bi-2212, therein.

The invention relates to a method for operating a furnace, in particular an anode furnace, the furnace being formed by a plurality of heating channels and furnace chambers, the furnace chambers serving to receive carbonaceous bodies, in particular anodes, and the heating channels serving to control the temperature of the furnace chambers, the furnace comprising at least one furnace unit, the furnace unit comprising a heating zone, a fire zone and a cooling zone, which for their part are formed by at least one section comprising furnace chambers, a suction ramp of the furnace unit being disposed in a section of the heating zone, and a burner ramp of the furnace unit being disposed in a section of the fire zone, process air in the heating channels of the fire zone being heated by means of the burner ramp, and exhaust gas being suctioned from the heating channels of the heating zone by means of the suction ramp, an operation of the ramps being controlled by means of a control device of the furnace unit, a temperature in the heating channel being measured in the fire zone, an output of the burner ramp being regulated according to the temperature measured in the heating channel by means of a regulator of the control device, wherein, by means of the control device, at least two characteristic numbers are determined and the characteristic numbers are compared, a status of the heating channel relative to an amount of fuel in the heating channel being determined on the basis of the comparison by means of the control device, a characteristic number including the temperature in the heating channel and/or a characteristic number including the output of the burner ramp and/or a characteristic number including a controlled variable of the regulator being determined as characteristic numbers. Furthermore, the invention relates to a control device for operating a furnace and to a furnace.

Methods and systems implement wireless, batteryless sensors which electronically store measurements to a data logger, the data logger being configurable to compute measurements based on the frequency measurements and electronically feed back to electronic controllers of systems and apparatuses which computationally monitor temperature. A data logger can be configured to write and transmit temperature measurements to any electronic controller having a data communication interface. The temperature sensors, in conjunction with the data logger, can provide any heating system, including chamber heating systems such as dry-heat and steam sterilizers, with article-localized temperature measurement feedback, to improve the accuracy of real-time temperature monitoring and/or control. Electronic controllers can be configured to output sufficient heat, then terminate a heat control cycle or a steam sterilization cycle, after having exposed to heat some number of articles to a desired extent as specified by a cumulative heating specification or a target temperature-over-time profile.

An experimental system for high-temperature oxidation and quenching of cladding materials under reactor severe accident includes: a gas supply system, a heating section, a cooling system, and a rapid quenching system. The gas supply system supplies mixed gas of steam and argon. The heating section includes an infrared radiation furnace and a quartz glass tube. The rapid quenching system includes a constant-temperature water tank, high-temperature resistant hoses, quenching quartz glass tube, and movable rails. At a reaction zone, samples and atmosphere can be heated up to 1400 C. at an ultra-high heating rate exceeding 100 C./s under reactive atmospheres such as steam, and the sample is subjected to rapid quenching after high-temperature steam oxidation testing. The experimental provides ultra-high heating rates and rapid quenching, which facilitates the reach on micro- and macro-mechanisms of high-temperature reactions and quenching in materials.