The present disclosure relates to compositions comprising 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene that may be useful as heat transfer compositions, aerosol propellants, foaming agents, blowing agents, solvents, cleaning agents, carrier fluids, displacement drying agents, buffing abrasion agents, polymerization media, expansion agents for polyolefins and polyurethane, gaseous dielectrics, extinguishing agents, and fire suppression agents in liquid or gaseous form. Additionally, the present disclosure relates to compositions comprising 1,1,2,3-tetrachloropropene, 2-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoropropene, or 2-chloro-1,1,1,2-tetrafluoropropane, which may be useful in processes to produce 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene.

The present disclosure relates to compositions comprising 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene that may be useful as heat transfer compositions, aerosol propellants, foaming agents, blowing agents, solvents, cleaning agents, carrier fluids, displacement drying agents, buffing abrasion agents, polymerization media, expansion agents for polyolefins and polyurethane, gaseous dielectrics, extinguishing agents, and fire suppression agents in liquid or gaseous form. Additionally, the present disclosure relates to compositions comprising 1,1,2,3-tetrachloropropene, 2-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoropropene, or 2-chloro-1,1,1,2-tetrafluoropropane, which may be useful in processes to produce 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene.

An example apparatus is disclosed that includes a base and a wickless capillary driven constrained vapor bubble heat pipe carried by the base. The wickless capillary driven constrained vapor bubble heat pipe includes a capillary, and the capillary has a longitudinal axis and a cross-sectional shape orthogonal to the longitudinal axis. The cross-sectional shape includes a first curved wall, a second curved wall, a first corner between a first straight wall and a second straight wall, and a second corner between a third straight wall and a fourth straight wall.

An example apparatus is disclosed that includes a base and a wickless capillary driven constrained vapor bubble heat pipe carried by the base. The wickless capillary driven constrained vapor bubble heat pipe includes a capillary, and the capillary has a longitudinal axis and a cross-sectional shape orthogonal to the longitudinal axis. The cross-sectional shape includes a first curved wall, a second curved wall, a first corner between a first straight wall and a second straight wall, and a second corner between a third straight wall and a fourth straight wall.

A packing for heat and/or mass transfer between liquid and gaseous media in counter-flow, in particular for water cooling by air in cooling towers, includes a plurality of film elements contoured by corrugations. The corrugations provide flow passages and the film elements are successively arranged behind each other in the thickness direction forming points of contact. Adjacent film elements are connected to one another at their points of contact and mutually facing large surfaces of adjacent film elements have a fine contouring. The fine contouring includes a ribbing with rib webs and rib grooves running transversely to the flow passages. A rib groove is disposed between two adjacent rib webs. The transitions between successive rib webs and rib grooves are designed such that they are substantially free of radii.

A packing for heat and/or mass transfer between liquid and gaseous media in counter-flow, in particular for water cooling by air in cooling towers, includes a plurality of film elements contoured by corrugations. The corrugations provide flow passages and the film elements are successively arranged behind each other in the thickness direction forming points of contact. Adjacent film elements are connected to one another at their points of contact and mutually facing large surfaces of adjacent film elements have a fine contouring. The fine contouring includes a ribbing with rib webs and rib grooves running transversely to the flow passages. A rib groove is disposed between two adjacent rib webs. The transitions between successive rib webs and rib grooves are designed such that they are substantially free of radii.

A cooling system for cooling an enclosure, the cooling system including a heat exchange section configured to transfer sensible heat; a humidifier located outside the heat exchange section and configured to humidify a working air stream C so that it transfers latent heat; an air moving system configured to move various air streams through the cooling system; and a piping system configured to connect the heat exchange section to the humidifier and the air moving system. The sensible heat transfer is decoupled from the latent heat transfer.

A heat transfer process focused for heat transfer with a potentially scaling, fouling, solids laden or otherwise aggressive fluid employing direct thermal contact between said fluid and an immiscible, phase shifting working media wherein said phase shifting proffers the employ of the latent heat of vaporization for protraction of the heat transfer process. Wherein further said phase shifts modify the working media density therein motivating the immiscible, direct contact fluid dynamics.

A heat transfer process focused for heat transfer with a potentially scaling, fouling, solids laden or otherwise aggressive fluid employing direct thermal contact between said fluid and an immiscible, phase shifting working media wherein said phase shifting proffers the employ of the latent heat of vaporization for protraction of the heat transfer process. Wherein further said phase shifts modify the working media density therein motivating the immiscible, direct contact fluid dynamics.

The method of improving an evaporative performance of a porous evaporative media in a cooling system that utilizes water evaporation for heat transfer, the method comprising contacting the porous evaporative media with a nonionic surfactant, optionally in combination with an antiscalant.