A cooling apparatus (1) for cooling a fluid withsurface water, comprising at least one tube (8) for containing and transporting the fluid in its interior, the exterior of the tube (8) being in operation at least partially submerged in the surface water so as to cool the tube (8) to thereby also cool the fluid. The cooling apparatus (1) further comprises at least one light source (9) for producing light that hinders fouling on the submerged exterior, wherein the light source (9) is dimensioned and positioned with respect to the tube (8) so as to cast anti-fouling light over the tube's exterior. By this structure anti-fouling of the cooling apparatus (1) can be assured in an alternative and effective manner.

A cooling apparatus (1) for cooling a fluid withsurface water, comprising at least one tube (8) for containing and transporting the fluid in its interior, the exterior of the tube (8) being in operation at least partially submerged in the surface water so as to cool the tube (8) to thereby also cool the fluid. The cooling apparatus (1) further comprises at least one light source (9) for producing light that hinders fouling on the submerged exterior, wherein the light source (9) is dimensioned and positioned with respect to the tube (8) so as to cast anti-fouling light over the tube's exterior. By this structure anti-fouling of the cooling apparatus (1) can be assured in an alternative and effective manner.

A cooling apparatus for cooling a fluid by means of surface water, the cooling apparatus comprising more than one tubes for containing and transporting the fluid in its interior, the exterior of the tube being in operation at least partially submerged in the surface water so as to cool the tube to thereby also cool the fluid and hence different tube portions contain fluid at different temperatures. The cooling apparatus further comprises at least one light source for producing light that hinders fouling on the submerged exterior, wherein the at least one light source is arranged so that the intensity of the anti-fouling light, cast over the exterior of the tube portions whose exterior temperature or the temperature of the fluid they contain is below 80° C., is higher than the intensity of the anti-fouling light cast over the other tube portions. By this structure anti-fouling of the cooling apparatus can be assured in an effective manner.

A cooling apparatus for cooling a fluid by means of surface water, the cooling apparatus comprising more than one tubes for containing and transporting the fluid in its interior, the exterior of the tube being in operation at least partially submerged in the surface water so as to cool the tube to thereby also cool the fluid and hence different tube portions contain fluid at different temperatures. The cooling apparatus further comprises at least one light source for producing light that hinders fouling on the submerged exterior, wherein the at least one light source is arranged so that the intensity of the anti-fouling light, cast over the exterior of the tube portions whose exterior temperature or the temperature of the fluid they contain is below 80° C., is higher than the intensity of the anti-fouling light cast over the other tube portions. By this structure anti-fouling of the cooling apparatus can be assured in an effective manner.

A plate heat exchanger includes a plurality of heat transfer plates stacked together and each having openings at four corners thereof. The heat transfer plates are partially brazed together such that a first flow passage through which first fluid flows and a second flow passage through which second fluid flows are alternately arranged with one of the heat transfer plates disposed therebetween, openings at the four corners being connected forming first headers through which the first fluid enters and is discharged and second headers through which the second fluid enters and is discharged. At least one of two heat transfer plates between which the first flow passage or the second flow passage is disposed is formed by a pair of metal plates stacked together. The metal plate adjacent to the second flow passage is thinner than the metal plate adjacent to the first flow passage.

A plate heat exchanger includes a plurality of heat transfer plates stacked together and each having openings at four corners thereof. The heat transfer plates are partially brazed together such that a first flow passage through which first fluid flows and a second flow passage through which second fluid flows are alternately arranged with one of the heat transfer plates disposed therebetween, openings at the four corners being connected forming first headers through which the first fluid enters and is discharged and second headers through which the second fluid enters and is discharged. At least one of two heat transfer plates between which the first flow passage or the second flow passage is disposed is formed by a pair of metal plates stacked together. The metal plate adjacent to the second flow passage is thinner than the metal plate adjacent to the first flow passage.

To provide a water heat exchanger, a manufacturing method of the water heat exchanger, and a refrigeration cycle apparatus capable of preventing corrosion of a brazing material and deterioration of a refrigerant. The water heat exchanger according to the present embodiment includes a plurality of stacked heat-exchange plates, a joint (9) provided on at least one cover plate (14) of a pair of cover plates sandwiching the plurality of heat exchange plates, a first refrigerant pipe (10) brazed to the joint (9) by a brazing material (11), and a protector (12) provided to prevent contact between the brazing material (11) and the refrigerant circulating to the plurality of heat exchange plates through the first refrigerant pipe (10) and the joint (9).

To provide a water heat exchanger, a manufacturing method of the water heat exchanger, and a refrigeration cycle apparatus capable of preventing corrosion of a brazing material and deterioration of a refrigerant. The water heat exchanger according to the present embodiment includes a plurality of stacked heat-exchange plates, a joint (9) provided on at least one cover plate (14) of a pair of cover plates sandwiching the plurality of heat exchange plates, a first refrigerant pipe (10) brazed to the joint (9) by a brazing material (11), and a protector (12) provided to prevent contact between the brazing material (11) and the refrigerant circulating to the plurality of heat exchange plates through the first refrigerant pipe (10) and the joint (9).

A heat transfer system having a heat transfer fluid circulation loop of a first fluid is disclosed. A conduit is disposed in the fluid circulation loop with an inner surface in contact with the first fluid at a first pressure. An outer surface of the first conduit is in contact with a second fluid at a second pressure that is 69 kPa to 13771 kPa (10 psi to 2000 psi) higher than the first pressure. The conduit also includes a polyurea coating on its outer surface.

A heat transfer system having a heat transfer fluid circulation loop of a first fluid is disclosed. A conduit is disposed in the fluid circulation loop with an inner surface in contact with the first fluid at a first pressure. An outer surface of the first conduit is in contact with a second fluid at a second pressure that is 69 kPa to 13771 kPa (10 psi to 2000 psi) higher than the first pressure. The conduit also includes a polyurea coating on its outer surface.