A port injection valve injects fuel to an intake passage. In multiple injection processing, a demanded injection quantity of the fuel is divided into a synchronous injection quantity and a non-synchronous injection quantity in accordance with at least one of: the load, which is a physical quantity having a correlation with the amount of air to be filled; and the temperature of an internal-combustion engine. The fuel is injected through intake non-synchronous injection and intake synchronous injection in this order. In the intake synchronous injection, the fuel is injected synchronously with a valve-open period of an intake valve. In the intake non-synchronous injection, the fuel is injected at a timing more advanced than in the intake synchronous injection.

A homogenous charge electromagnetic volumetric ignition (HCEMVI) internal combustion engine (ICE) and its ignition method are disclosed in the present invention. The HCEMVI ICE includes a control module of the engine, an electromagnetic wave source, an electromagnetic wave coupling module and the cylinders of the ICE. Its ignition method is stated as: the control module of the engine controls the electromagnetic wave generation and, when the piston of a cylinder containing an air-fuel mixture moves to the preset ignition advance angle, the electromagnetic wave source is commanded to generate an electromagnetic wave at a frequency in accordance with the resonant frequency of the cylinder head at the advance angle. The electromagnetic wave is transmitted into the cylinder by the coupling module to create a strong electric field through electromagnetic resonance in the cylinder head and initiate volumetric ignition and bulk combustion of the air-fuel mixture inside the cylinder of the engine.

A control device has a VVT (variable valve timing) mechanism which changes opening or closing timing of at least one of an intake valve and an exhaust valve, and includes: a processor; a sensor for detecting atmospheric pressure; and a sensor for detecting the amount of air flowing through an intake air flow path. The processor calculates a charging efficiency based on the detected amount of air, calculates a volumetric efficiency from the detected amount of air and the detected atmospheric pressure, calculates the charging efficiency valve opening timing of the intake valve based on the charging efficiency, calculates the volumetric efficiency valve opening timing of the intake valve based on the volumetric efficiency, and sets the valve opening timing(s) of at least one of the intake valve and the exhaust valve based on one of the charging efficiency valve opening timing and the volumetric efficiency valve opening timing.

A method to control the combustion of an internal combustion engine comprising determining a combustion model providing a spark advance value depending on an objective value of a quantity representing the incidence of a low-pressure EGR circuit, of the rotation speed, of the intake efficiency and of an open-loop contribution of a combustion index; calculating a first closed-loop contribution of the spark advance depending on the combustion index; calculating a second closed-loop contribution of the spark advance depending on a quantity indicating the knocking energy; and calculating the objective value of the spark advance angle to be operated through the sum of the spark advance value provided by the combustion model and of the first closed-loop contribution or, alternatively, of the second closed-loop contribution.

A method for determining the quantity of filling components in a cylinder of an internal combustion engine. The cylinder is connected to an air supply via an inlet valve and to an exhaust gas conduit via an outlet valve. The method includes the steps of obtaining an exhaust gas back pressure at a specified point in time when the outlet valve is opened during a work cycle of the internal combustion engine and calculating the quantity of the filling components at the specified point in time on the basis of the obtained exhaust gas back pressure. A controller is also provided for carrying out the method and a motor vehicle is also provided that includes the controller.

Methods and systems are provided for adjusting an amount of water injected upstream of a group of cylinders based on a determined maldistribution of water among cylinders during a water injection event. In one example, a method may include injecting a first amount of water upstream of a first group of cylinders and a different, second amount of water upstream of a second group of cylinders based on operating conditions of the respective cylinder groups. Further, the method may include adjusting water injection and engine operating parameters in response the evaporated and/or condensed portion of water.

The control apparatus for an engine includes: a first controller that sets a valve-opening timing of an intake valve of the engine in response to an amount of intake air; and a second controller that sets an injection start time of a fuel injector of the engine in response to the amount of intake air. In a case where the amount of intake air is within a first range being equal to or more than a predetermined value, the first controller advances the valve-opening timing as compared with a case where the amount of intake air is equal to the predetermined value, and the second controller delays the injection start time as compared with a case where the amount of intake air is within a second range being less than the predetermined value.

A misfire detection device for an internal combustion engine is provided. A mapping takes time series data of instantaneous speed parameters as inputs. Each instantaneous speed parameter corresponds to one of a plurality of successive second intervals in a first interval. The instantaneous speed parameters correspond to the rotational speed of the crankshaft. The first interval is a rotational angular interval of the crankshaft in which compression top dead center occurs. The second interval is smaller than an interval between compression top dead center positions. The mapping outputs a probability that a misfire has occurred in at least one cylinder that reaches compression top dead center in the first interval. The mapping data defining the mapping has been learned by machine learning.

A multi-injection process includes performing intake synchronized injection in which fuel is injected in synchronism with an open valve period of an intake valve, and an intake asynchronous injection in which fuel is injected at a more advanced timing than during intake synchronized injection. A single-injection process includes injecting a required injection amount of fuel by intake asynchronous injection. An operating process includes operating a port injection valve for injecting fuel into an intake passageway. A selection process includes selecting the single-injection process if the temperature of an intake system of an internal combustion engine is not lower than a prescribed temperature, and selecting the multi-injection process if the temperature of the intake system is less than the prescribed temperature.

A method is provided for measuring exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) flow in. an engine system wherein turbo speed of a turbocharger, inlet pressure upstream of a compressor, boost pressure upstream of an engine, and engine intake temperature upstream of the engine are measured. Air mass flow into the engine system is calculated as a function of the turbo speed, inlet pressure, and boost pressure, exhaust mass flow is calculated as a function of the boost pressure, the engine intake temperature, volumetric efficiency of the engine, and engine size, and EGR flow is determined, by subtracting air mass flow from exhaust mass flow. A method for controlling emissions from an engine system, and an. engine system are also provided.