A spark-ignition internal combustion engine has an air intake tract for supplying fresh air to a combustion chamber of the spark-ignition internal combustion engine, an exhaust tract for discharging exhaust gases from the combustion chamber, and a urea introduction device having a urea injection nozzle for introducing an aqueous urea solution into the combustion chamber. The urea injection nozzle is disposed in the combustion chamber or upstream of the combustion chamber in relation to an air flow from the air intake tract into the combustion chamber.

An internal combustion engine is equipped with a water injector for cooling the internal combustion engine by a spray of atomized water into the intake track or combustion chamber prior to ignition. The atomized water spray may be in the intake manifold or directly in the cylinder. The water is injected at a volume of between a ratio of about 95% fuel to about 5% water and about 50% fuel and about 50% water. The temperature of the internal combustion engine is maintained at between about 95° C. and about 200° C. during operation.

An internal combustion engine is equipped with a water injector for cooling the internal combustion engine by a spray of atomized water into the intake track or combustion chamber prior to ignition. The atomized water spray may be in the intake manifold or directly in the cylinder. The water is injected at a volume of between a ratio of about 95% fuel to about 5% water and about 50% fuel and about 50% water. The temperature of the internal combustion engine is maintained at between about 95° C. and about 200° C. during operation.

A split cycle internal combustion engine apparatus includes a combustion cylinder accommodating a combustion piston and a compression cylinder accommodating a compression piston. The apparatus is arranged to provide compressed fluid to the combustion cylinder. The compression cylinder is coupled to a first liquid coolant reservoir and a second liquid coolant reservoir. A controller is arranged to receive an indication of at least one parameter associated with the engine, and control delivery of at least one of the first liquid coolant from the first liquid coolant reservoir and the second liquid coolant from the second liquid coolant reservoir to the compression cylinder based on the indication of the at least one parameter such that the at least one liquid coolant vaporises into a gaseous phase during a compression stroke.

A method of operating an internal combustion engine having at least one combustion chamber and an actuator disposed therein being arranged to drive an output shaft of the engine, the method comprising: 5 (i) injecting a water containing fuel into the combustion chamber; (ii) flash boiling the water-containing fuel to form water vapour within the combustion chamber; (iii) thermolyzing the water vapour to form hydrogen gas and oxygen gas; and (iv) combusting the hydrogen gas to drive the actuator within the combustion chamber to 10 thereby drive the connected output shaft of the combustion engine.

An injector (1) for injecting fuel and an additional fluid, is provided in that the injector (1) is designed for optimal space-saving yet exhibiting a simple construction. This construction results in a precise injection of a fuel and an additional fluid into a combustion chamber of an internal combustion engine. The arrangement has two solenoid valves, the first valve (2) and the second valve (3). The second solenoid valve (3) has a second nozzle needle (9) which is arranged in the injector (1), and the first nozzle needle (7) of the first solenoid valve (2) and the second nozzle needle (9) of the second solenoid valve (3) are arranged one behind the other on a longitudinal axis (10) of the injector (1). Further, the nozzle needles (7, 9) can be controlled independently of one another.

An injector (1) for injecting fuel and an additional fluid, is provided in that the injector (1) is designed for optimal space-saving yet exhibiting a simple construction. This construction results in a precise injection of a fuel and an additional fluid into a combustion chamber of an internal combustion engine. The arrangement has two solenoid valves, the first valve (2) and the second valve (3). The second solenoid valve (3) has a second nozzle needle (9) which is arranged in the injector (1), and the first nozzle needle (7) of the first solenoid valve (2) and the second nozzle needle (9) of the second solenoid valve (3) are arranged one behind the other on a longitudinal axis (10) of the injector (1). Further, the nozzle needles (7, 9) can be controlled independently of one another.

A method and system for condensing water for injection into an internal combustion engine to increase the engine's fuel economy and performance while reducing emissions. A volume of ambient air is drawn through an intake valve into a sealable chamber. The intake valve is closed and the ambient air compressed within the sealed sealable chamber and thereafter vented through an exit valve to be contained in a cooling section. The cooling section comprises a port and a cooling device. The cooling device, which in one embodiment comprises a refrigeration unit, cools the ambient air contained within the cooling channel to condense water vapor present in the ambient air into liquid water. The liquid water is drained from the cooling channel through the port and collected in a reservoir. Liquid water from the reservoir is then injected into at least one combustion chamber of the internal combustion engine.

A method and system for condensing water for injection into an internal combustion engine to increase the engine's fuel economy and performance while reducing emissions. A volume of ambient air is drawn through an intake valve into a sealable chamber. The intake valve is closed and the ambient air compressed within the sealed sealable chamber and thereafter vented through an exit valve to be contained in a cooling section. The cooling section comprises a port and a cooling device. The cooling device, which in one embodiment comprises a refrigeration unit, cools the ambient air contained within the cooling channel to condense water vapor present in the ambient air into liquid water. The liquid water is drained from the cooling channel through the port and collected in a reservoir. Liquid water from the reservoir is then injected into at least one combustion chamber of the internal combustion engine.

An engine control unit of a multi-fuel is provided. The engine consumes a mixture of a first combustion fuel and a second combustion fuel. The engine control unit includes hardware circuitry that includes one or more processors configured to calculate an autoignition delay of the mixture of the air and the second combustion fuel based on current operating conditions of the multi-fuel engine. The one or more processors also are configured to calculate an upper limit on an amount of the second combustion fuel that is supplied to the multi-fuel engine based on the autoignition delay that is calculated.