Disclosed herein is a once-through heat exchanger that includes a tube stack including a plurality of tubes, a plurality of heads connected to the tubes and configured to accommodate heated steam, and a manifold connected to the heads via a first link pipe and a second link pipe and configured to accommodate heated steam. The heads are spaced in a direction crossing a longitudinal direction thereof, and the first link pipe and the second link pipe include a first inclined link part or a second inclined link part, respectively, extending at an angle to each other.

The present disclosure provides natural gas and petrochemical processing systems, including oxidative coupling of methane reactor systems that may integrate process inputs and outputs to cooperatively utilize different inputs and outputs in the production of higher hydrocarbons from natural gas and other hydrocarbon feedstocks. The present disclosure also provides apparatuses and methods for heat exchange, such as an apparatus that can perform boiling and steam super-heating in separate chambers in order to reach a target outlet temperature that is relatively constant as the apparatus becomes fouled. A system of the present disclosure may include an oxidative coupling of methane (OCM) subsystem that generates a product stream comprising compounds with two or more carbon atoms, and a dual compartment heat exchanger downstream of, and fluidically coupled to, the OCM subsystem.

A steam generator is provided. The steam generator has a combustion chamber having a peripheral wall formed at least partially from gas-proof, welded steam generator pipes, at least two additional inner walls formed at least partially from additional steam generator pipes which are arranged inside the combustion chamber. The inner walls are connected one behind the other on the flow medium side by an intermediate collector. The steam generator has a high service life and is reliable. The flow medium on the inlet of the inner wall upstream of the intermediate collector has a lower temperature than that of the flow medium on an inlet of the peripheral wall.

A supercritical steam generator includes a downdraft furnace enclosure, a hopper tunnel, and a convection pass enclosure, with the hopper tunnel joining the downdraft furnace enclosure and convection pass enclosure together. Flue gas passes down through the downdraft furnace enclosure through the hopper tunnel and up through the convection pass enclosure. This structure permits the outlet steam terminals, which provide access to the resultant supercritical steam and/or reheat steam, to be located at a base of the steam generator rather than at the top of the steam generator as with conventional boilers. This reduces the length of the steam leads from the steam generator to a steam turbine that produces electricity using the supercritical steam.

A waste heat recovery system and method are disclosed. The waste heat recovery system disclosed herein comprises: a waste heat recovery boiler; a waste heat supply member configured to supply waste heat to the waste heat recovery boiler; and a water tank configured to fluidly communicate with the waste heat supply member.

A solid electric thermal storage superheated steam output system is provided. Through a high-temperature air duct, a superheated steam heat exchanger, a saturated steam heat exchanger and a water preheating heat exchanger, heat exchange is performed under the drive of a variable-frequency fan to finally generate superheated steam for use of a heat consumer. The water preheating heat exchanger is connected to a preheating steam tank, heat generated after the superheated steam heat exchanger and the saturated steam heat exchanger exchange heat is used to generate low-temperature steam for thermal deoxygenation of a deaerator, while water flows into a deaerator water tank through an overflow pipe. A superheated steam unit is a structural combination including a steam drum as a core, sets of superheated steam heat exchangers, saturated steam heat exchangers, water preheating heat exchangers and corresponding accessories. An overall combined superheated steam system includes multiple superheated steam units.

A solid electric thermal storage superheated steam output system is provided. Through a high-temperature air duct, a superheated steam heat exchanger, a saturated steam heat exchanger and a water preheating heat exchanger, heat exchange is performed under the drive of a variable-frequency fan to finally generate superheated steam for use of a heat consumer. The water preheating heat exchanger is connected to a preheating steam tank, heat generated after the superheated steam heat exchanger and the saturated steam heat exchanger exchange heat is used to generate low-temperature steam for thermal deoxygenation of a deaerator, while water flows into a deaerator water tank through an overflow pipe. A superheated steam unit is a structural combination including a steam drum as a core, sets of superheated steam heat exchangers, saturated steam heat exchangers, water preheating heat exchangers and corresponding accessories. An overall combined superheated steam system includes multiple superheated steam units.

Methods and systems for controlling steam distribution within a kiln. A kiln system includes a muffle, a boiler, a steam sparger coupled to the boiler and located with the muffle. The steam sparger is configured to output steam at a proximal end that is different from output steam at a distal end by less than a threshold amount, and a material introduction device configured to move material from a proximal end to a distal of the muffle, the material introduction device located a predefined distance from the steam sparger.

Methods and systems for controlling steam distribution within a kiln. A kiln system includes a muffle, a boiler, a steam sparger coupled to the boiler and located with the muffle. The steam sparger is configured to output steam at a proximal end that is different from output steam at a distal end by less than a threshold amount, and a material introduction device configured to move material from a proximal end to a distal of the muffle, the material introduction device located a predefined distance from the steam sparger.