Burners and methods of making burner bodies via a focused beam are disclosed. In an aspect, a burner includes (a) a burner body and (b) at least one connector configured to supply at least a fuel and an oxidizer to the burner body. The burner body includes (1) a plurality of passageways; (2) a first major surface; (3) a plurality of ports at the first major surface, each port defined by an end of one of the passageways; and either: (4a) at least one heating element in or adjacent to at least one of the plurality of passageways that increases the temperature of a wall of the at least one of the plurality of passageways; or (4b) a cooling chamber directly adjacent to three or more of the plurality of passageways. The burner body includes a number of layers of metal directly bonded to each other. Further, methods are provided, including receiving, by a manufacturing device having one or more processors, a digital object comprising data specifying a burner body; and generating, with the manufacturing device by an additive manufacturing process, the burner body based on the digital object. A system is also provided, including a display that displays a 3D model of a burner body; and one or more processors that, in response to the 3D model selected by a user, cause a 3D printer to create a physical object of the burner body.

A combustion system includes a perforated flame holder, a fuel nozzle configured to output fuel toward the perforated flame holder, and a plasma ignition device configured to output a plasma during a preheating state of the combustion system and to cease outputting the plasma to transition from the preheating state to the standard operating state. In the preheating state the plasma ignition device causes a preheating flame of the fuel stream at a position between the fuel nozzle and the perforated flame holder. In the standard operating condition, the plasma is not present and the fuel stream impinges on the perforated flame holder. The perforated flame holder supports a combustion reaction of the fuel stream within the perforated flame holder when in the standard operating state.

A combustion system includes a perforated flame holder, a fuel nozzle configured to output fuel toward the perforated flame holder, and a plasma ignition device configured to output a plasma during a preheating state of the combustion system and to cease outputting the plasma to transition from the preheating state to the standard operating state. In the preheating state the plasma ignition device causes a preheating flame of the fuel stream at a position between the fuel nozzle and the perforated flame holder. In the standard operating condition, the plasma is not present and the fuel stream impinges on the perforated flame holder. The perforated flame holder supports a combustion reaction of the fuel stream within the perforated flame holder when in the standard operating state.

Provided is a method for melting copper scrap and/or refining blister copper, comprising the steps of: (a) charging of copper scrap into an empty anode furnace and melting the copper scrap; (b) charging molten blister copper into the anode furnace; (c) optionally charging more copper scrap into the anode furnace and melting the copper scrap; (d) optionally repeating steps (b) and/or (c) one or more times until the anode furnace is full and a desired amount of copper scrap has been charged and melted until a final copper batch is obtained; and (e) refining the final copper batch to obtain anode copper.

Provided is a method for melting copper scrap and/or refining blister copper, comprising the steps of: (a) charging of copper scrap into an empty anode furnace and melting the copper scrap; (b) charging molten blister copper into the anode furnace; (c) optionally charging more copper scrap into the anode furnace and melting the copper scrap; (d) optionally repeating steps (b) and/or (c) one or more times until the anode furnace is full and a desired amount of copper scrap has been charged and melted until a final copper batch is obtained; and (e) refining the final copper batch to obtain anode copper.

A torch comprising a functional combination of: 1) an ignition system having an internal bluff body wall, said ignition system having an open end and an end in which is present a spark plug; and 2) an elongated fuel line that is secured to said torch so that heat easily passes from hot gas and flame inside said torch thereinto during use, wherein the fuel line has a fuel flow swirl producing element therewithin; and 3) a thermocouple secured in place inside the torch to monitor temperature at a relatively high temperature location therein, such that if the temperature decreases while fuel is still flowing a signal is generated to provide a spark to the spark plug.

A combustion apparatus has a burner including a burner body and a combustion plate, as well as a combustion box. A combustion plate flange part projects outward beyond an inner rim of a body flange part and beyond an inner rim of a combustion box flange part. A packing has a portion interposed between the combustion plate flange part and the body flange part, and a portion interposed between the combustion box flange part and the body flange part outside an outer rim of the combustion plate flange part. A distribution plate having formed therein a multiplicity of distribution holes for introducing the air-fuel mixture toward an air-fuel mixture ejection part is provided with a distribution plate flange part so arranged as to come into direct contact with that portion of the combustion plate flange part which is positioned inside an inner rim of the packing.

A combustion apparatus has a burner including a burner body and a combustion plate, as well as a combustion box. A combustion plate flange part projects outward beyond an inner rim of a body flange part and beyond an inner rim of a combustion box flange part. A packing has a portion interposed between the combustion plate flange part and the body flange part, and a portion interposed between the combustion box flange part and the body flange part outside an outer rim of the combustion plate flange part. A distribution plate having formed therein a multiplicity of distribution holes for introducing the air-fuel mixture toward an air-fuel mixture ejection part is provided with a distribution plate flange part so arranged as to come into direct contact with that portion of the combustion plate flange part which is positioned inside an inner rim of the packing.

Flame arrestors and methods of making flame arrestors are described herein. An example flame arrestor includes a cylindrical body. The body includes a first end and a second end opposite the first end. The first end of the body has an end surface. The body also includes a recess formed in the end surface of the first end. The recess is defined by a recessed surface extending inward from the end surface toward the second end. The body further includes a set of channels formed through the body between the first and second ends. The channels extend through the recessed surface.

Flame arrestors and methods of making flame arrestors are described herein. An example flame arrestor includes a cylindrical body. The body includes a first end and a second end opposite the first end. The first end of the body has an end surface. The body also includes a recess formed in the end surface of the first end. The recess is defined by a recessed surface extending inward from the end surface toward the second end. The body further includes a set of channels formed through the body between the first and second ends. The channels extend through the recessed surface.