A method and facility for the hydrothermal carbonization of pasty products or waste, or sewage sludge, in a pressurized reactor heated to carbonization temperature T0. Before entering the reactor, the products undergo: pressurization, and preheating in an exchanger, by a thermal fluid flowing in a closed loop, and receiving heat from products exiting the reactor; the thermal fluid is heated in the loop by an external heat source, downstream from the exchange with the products exiting the reactor, and upstream from the preheating of the products entering the reactor, and the temperature of the product to be treated, preheated by the thermal fluid, when it enters the reactor, is between the carbonization temperature T0 and T0-100° C. The product to be treated flows in at least one tube, where in at least one location therein, liquid is injected to create a liquid ring against the inner wall, and reduce pressure drops.

A treatment method and apparatus is provided to effectively use a combustible waste such as waste plastic, waste tires, rice husk, wood shavings, PKS, RDF and sludge while maintaining stable operation; to improve the combustion efficiency of a fossil fuel such as coal and coke; and furthermore to reduce the NOx concentration in a cement kiln exhaust gas. An apparatus 1 for treating a combustible, the apparatus comprising: a mixer 3 for mixing a combustible C with a preheated raw material R2, which has a temperature of 600° C. or higher and 900° C. or lower and which is drawn from a preheater cyclone of a cement burning device 10, to gasify the combustible; and a feeder 5 for feeding the gasified combustible and the preheated raw material (mixed raw material M) to a region from an inlet end 13a of the cement burning device to a calciner 12. When the combustible and the preheated raw material are mixed, moisture may be added to cause water gas shift reaction, and the resultant water gas and the preheated raw material may be introduced to the region from the inlet end of the cement burning device to the calciner.

A method for the manufacture of a high alumina hydraulic binder comprising hydrating a source of aluminium ions with a source of calcium ions in the presence of water to form mineral hydrates and subsequently heating said mineral hydrates to form said high alumina hydraulic binder.

Applying heat from a heat source to a first region to cause a first pyrolysis process, the first pyrolysis process resulting in a gaseous mixture, and applying heat from the heat source to a second region to cause a second pyrolysis process, the second pyrolysis process being applied to the gaseous mixture, wherein the second region is located closer to the heat source than the first region. Pyrolysis is used to destroy oils, tars and/or PAHs in carbonaceous material.

This invention relates to a rotary kiln (1) for cracking open and evaporating size-reduced plastic waste, consisting of a cylindrical kiln housing (2) the wall of which can be heated to the respective evaporation temperature. The kiln housing (2) is bearing mounted so as to be rotatable around a longitudinal axis (X-X). Within the kiln housing (2) a fixedly positioned feed device (5) for the size-reduced plastic waste is placed running in the longitudinal direction of the kiln housing. The feed device (5) at least one-sidedly protrudes with a loading section (6) through a feed opening at an end side of the kiln housing (2), which loading section (6) can be connected to a material feed device (7). At the end side situated opposite the feed opening a gas suction opening (20) is situated in the kiln housing (2). The feed device comprises a conveyor device (5) and a conveyor tube (8), extending along the full length of the kiln housing (2), in which the conveyor device (5) for the size-reduced plastic waste is arranged in such a way that the plastic waste is moved from the loading section (6) in longitudinal direction through the kiln housing (2). The conveyor tube (8) has an outer sleeve (10) configured such that in the interior of the conveyor tube (8) an operational temperature prevails that is below the melting temperature of the size-reduced plastic material. Outlet openings (16, 16a, 16b, 16c, 16d, 16e) for the size-reduced plastic material are positioned such in the conveyor tube (8) including the sleeve (10) that the size-reduced plastic material drops out of the outlet openings (16, 16a, 16b, 16c, 16d, 16e) directly onto the opposite interior side of the kiln housing (2).

Improved processes and systems are disclosed for producing renewable hydrogen suitable for reducing metal ores, as well as for producing activated carbon. Some variations provide a process comprising: pyrolyzing biomass to generate a biogenic reagent comprising carbon and a pyrolysis off-gas; converting the pyrolysis off-gas to additional reducing gas and/or heat; reacting at least some of the biogenic reagent with a reactant to generate a reducing gas; and chemically reducing a metal oxide in the presence of the reducing gas. Some variations provide a process for producing renewable hydrogen by biomass pyrolysis to generate a biogenic reagent, conversion of the biogenic reagent to a reducing gas, and separation and recovery of hydrogen from the reducing gas. A reducing-gas composition for reducing a metal oxide is provided, comprising renewable hydrogen according to a hydrogen-isotope analysis. Reacted biogenic reagent may also be recovered as an activated carbon product. Many variations are disclosed.

A disposal system for the processing of solid waste devices to recycle materials located within the devices and recover, reuse and recycle such materials. Such system may include a primary chamber and secondary chamber, attached preferably by use of one or more exhaust ducts, and a secondary chamber exhaust duct. The solid waste devices may include any type of waste, such as electronics waste, medical device waste, and the like.

Applying heat from a heat source to a first region to cause a first pyrolysis process, the first pyrolysis process resulting in a gaseous mixture, and applying heat from the heat source to a second region to cause a second pyrolysis process, the second pyrolysis process being applied to the gaseous mixture, wherein the second region is located closer to the heat source than the first region. Pyrolysis is used to destroy oils, tars and/or PAHs in carbonaceous material.

A gasification apparatus has a primary chamber with a floor comprising a hearth and feedstock augers, for gasification of feedstock. There is a mixing chamber for receiving through an opening synthetic gases from the primary chamber and comprising an air inlet fan for adding oxygen for ignition. There is also a secondary chamber linked with the mixing chamber to deliver heat from combustion of gases from the mixing chamber to the hearth. An outlet valve delivers gases from the secondary chamber through a heat exchanger and to an induce draft fan. A controller dynamically controls flow of gases in the chambers according to sensed pressures and temperatures in said chambers.

A gasification apparatus has a primary chamber with a floor comprising a hearth and feedstock augers, for gasification of feedstock. There is a mixing chamber for receiving through an opening synthetic gases from the primary chamber and comprising an air inlet fan for adding oxygen for ignition. There is also a secondary chamber linked with the mixing chamber to deliver heat from combustion of gases from the mixing chamber to the hearth. An outlet valve delivers gases from the secondary chamber through a heat exchanger and to an induce draft fan. A controller dynamically controls flow of gases in the chambers according to sensed pressures and temperatures in said chambers.