Operating an engine system includes combusting a gaseous hydrogen fuel (H2) and a gaseous hydrocarbon fuel (HC) at a first substitution ratio in a cylinder in an engine, determining at least one of an H2 fueling command or an HC fueling command based on an H2 availability input and an H2 cost, and outputting the H2 fueling command and the HC fueling command to an H2 injector and an HC admission valve, respectively. Operating the engine system further includes combusting H2 and HC at a varied substitution ratio based on the H2 fueling command and the HC fueling command. At least one of the H2 fueling command or the HC fueling command may be based on a monitored CO2 exhaust level which may be used to populate a stored history of CO2 output.

An engine system includes an engine having a combustion chamber, an intake gas passage through which air to be supplied to the combustion chamber flows, an exhaust gas passage through which exhaust gas generated from the combustion chamber flows, a reformer configured to reform the fuel to generate a reformed gas containing hydrogen, a gas supply passage through which air to be supplied to the reformer flows, a bypass passage connected to the gas supply passage and the exhaust gas passage so as to bypass the reformer and through which the fuel having passed through the reformer is circulated to an upstream of the reformer, and a switching valve switched between a normal position that does not allow the fuel having passed through the reformer to flow to the bypass passage and a circulating position that allows the fuel having passed through the reformer to flow to the bypass passage.

Safety of vehicles employing an electrolysis generator is improved by a rollover abatement system.

An energy utilization system can initially store a plurality of different fuels in a fuel storage pod before choosing a fuel ratio with a blend module connected to the fuel storage pod. The fuel ratio chosen in response to an electrical generation parameter tracked by the blend module. The supply of at least two of the plurality of different fuels to a power generator with the chosen fuel ratio allows for the combustion of the supplied fuels with the electrical power generator to create electricity.

Aspects relate to zero-emission propulsion systems and generators using ammonia (NH.sub.3) as fuel for engines and power plants. While ammonia has poor flammability, mixing hydrogen with ammonia (NH.sub.3) may improve flammability and thus facilitate the ignition of an air/ammonia mixture in engines or power plants. Alternatively, hydrogen (H.sub.2) may be supplied in a separate fuel system as a pilot fuel for pilot ignition of an air/ammonia mixture. Hydrogen can also be used in air independent systems along with oxygen (O.sub.2) from an oxygen tank. In addition to hydrogen, other bio or fossil fuels can be used as pilot fuel for pilot ignition of an air/ammonia mixture. An advantage of using existing bio or fossil fuels for pilot ignition is that engines or power plants will have a pilot fuel system with sufficient capacity to maintain normal operations if ammonia is not available.

A conventional gasoline engine is retrofitted and calibrated to operate as a bi-fuel engine using Hydrogen as the second fuel. When operated with Hydrogen, which typically leads to a reduction of engine output power, the engine is preferably operated in a charged mode and in a lean mode with the engine throttle kept in a wide open position during charged and lean mode operation resulting in a more efficient engine with a reduction of engine output power loss.

An apparatus and method to desulfurize a biogas containing sulfur. Since biogas is produced by an anaerobic digester from human, animal, kitchen and agriculture's wastes, Itis a short term recycled product from the photosynthesis of CO.sub.2, and has a net zero carbon emission. The sulfur compounds in the biogas can be removed by the following steps: (1) converting all sulfur compounds into H.sub.2S by the hydrogen produced from the biogas over Pt group metal catalysts; (2) adsorbing the H.sub.2S at high temperature by the regenerable Pt group metal catalyst and adsorbents. The desulfurized biogas is further converted by an ATR/CPO reformer or a steam generating reformer to produce various reformates.

Methods and systems are provided for controlling fuel injectors of an engine. In one example, a system for an engine includes a fuel injector couplable to at least one engine cylinder; and a controller operatively couplable to the fuel injector. The controller is configured to during a first engine cycle, control injection of both a primary pulse of fuel and a pilot pulse of fuel into the at least one engine cylinder via the fuel injector, determining, for the at least one engine cylinder, an amount of adjustment to the primary pulse of fuel, the pilot pulse of fuel, or both the primary and the pilot pulse, and during a second engine cycle, following the first engine cycle, adjusting an amount of the primary pulse of fuel, the pilot pulse of fuel, or both based at least in part on the first response to the pilot pulse of fuel.

A fuel combustion apparatus 2 according to the present invention includes: a combustion cylinder 4; a fuel feed unit 6 that introduces a swirling flow of an air-fuel mixture into the combustion cylinder; an ignition unit 10 including an igniter 32 located in the combustion cylinder 4; an ion detection unit 12 including a detector 40 located in the combustion cylinder 4; and a control unit 14 that adjusts a mixing ratio of the fuel based on a detection result obtained by the ion detection unit 12. Preferably, the fuel is ammonia. Preferably, the detector 40 is located in the vicinity of the igniter 32.

A transportation refrigeration system includes a transportation refrigeration unit, a gas circuit connected to the transportation refrigeration unit and arranged to connect thereto a split bottle gas supply having a plurality of electric lock-off valves, and a controller. The controller is operably connected to the transportation refrigeration unit and is responsive to instructions recorded on a memory to close the electric lock-off valves of the split bottle gas supply. The instructions also cause to the controller to receive a first measurement of gas pressure in the gas circuit, open a first of the electric lock-off valves of the split bottle gas supply, receive a second measurement of gas pressure in the gas circuit, and determine health of the first electric lock-off valve using the first and second measurements of gas pressure in the gas circuit. Related methods and computer program products are also described.