A spark ignition engine includes: a pre-chamber (PC); a main chamber (MC); and a cylinder head coupled with a water jacket. The PC includes: a spark plug; and a PC body. The spark plug is surrounded by a jacket with thermal-conductive substance. The thermal-conductive substance is solid at room temperature and liquid at working temperature of the PC. At working temperature of the PC, the liquid thermal-conductive substance conducts heat from the spark plug to the water jacket. The PC body is coated with a layer of non-thermal-conductive substance.

A spark ignition engine includes: a pre-chamber (PC); a main chamber (MC); and a cylinder head coupled with a water jacket. The PC includes: a spark plug; and a PC body. The spark plug is surrounded by a jacket with thermal-conductive substance. The thermal-conductive substance is solid at room temperature and liquid at working temperature of the PC. At working temperature of the PC, the liquid thermal-conductive substance conducts heat from the spark plug to the water jacket. The PC body is coated with a layer of non-thermal-conductive substance.

Various embodiments of the present disclosure are directed to an internal combustion engine cylinder head. In one example embodiment, the cylinder head includes a combustion chamber, a fire deck, an intermediate deck remote from a combustion chamber, a central receptacle that receives an injection or ignition device, at least one valve bridge, at least two adjacent gas exchange valves, a top-down cooling system, at least one first transfer opening, and at least one second transfer opening. The top-down cooling system including a first sub-cooling chamber and a second sub-cooling chamber. The at least one first transfer opening positioned between the first sub-cooling chamber and the second sub-cooling chamber. The at least one second transfer opening positioned between the first sub-cooling chamber and the second sub-cooling chamber is arranged in the region in the region of the at least one valve bridge between the at least two adjacent gas exchange valves.

Various embodiments of the present disclosure are directed to an internal combustion engine cylinder head. In one example embodiment, the cylinder head includes a combustion chamber, a fire deck, an intermediate deck remote from a combustion chamber, a central receptacle that receives an injection or ignition device, at least one valve bridge, at least two adjacent gas exchange valves, a top-down cooling system, at least one first transfer opening, and at least one second transfer opening. The top-down cooling system including a first sub-cooling chamber and a second sub-cooling chamber. The at least one first transfer opening positioned between the first sub-cooling chamber and the second sub-cooling chamber. The at least one second transfer opening positioned between the first sub-cooling chamber and the second sub-cooling chamber is arranged in the region in the region of the at least one valve bridge between the at least two adjacent gas exchange valves.

An integrated hybrid power apparatus provided in a flying body includes a generator including a stator and a rotor, at least one engine disposed adjacent to the generator and including a cylinder, and a cooler configured to cool the generator and the engine and perform water-cooling that allows a coolant to circulate in the generator and the engine.

An integrated hybrid power apparatus provided in a flying body includes a generator including a stator and a rotor, at least one engine disposed adjacent to the generator and including a cylinder, and a cooler configured to cool the generator and the engine and perform water-cooling that allows a coolant to circulate in the generator and the engine.

Systems for an integrated exhaust manifold cylinder head are provided. In one example, an exhaust manifold for a vehicle includes a plurality of exhaust runners coupling a plurality of cylinder exhaust gas outlet ports to an exhaust exit port, the plurality of exhaust runners forming at least a first exhaust passage and a second exhaust passage at the exhaust exit port; an upper cooling jacket positioned vertically above the first exhaust passage; a lower cooling jacket positioned vertically below the second exhaust passage; and a central cooling jacket positioned vertically below the first exhaust passage and vertically above the second passage.

A cylinder head includes: an exhaust port configured to lead out exhaust gas from combustion chamber; an intake port configured to introduce fresh air into the combustion chamber; an intake air aggregate part configured to aggregate the intake port; and a second EGR pipe in which EGR gas flows, wherein exhaust outlets of the exhaust port and an EGR gas inlet of the second EGR pipe are arranged side-by-side on a flat left side surface, and a fresh air inlet of the intake air aggregate part and an EGR gas outlet of the second EGR pipe are arranged side-by-side on a flat right side surface.

A system includes an engine head that mounts to an engine block of a reciprocating engine, and the engine head includes an intake flow path, an exhaust flow path, a coolant flow path, and first and second sealing registers disposed on opposite sides of the coolant flow path. In addition, the first and second sealing registers are configured to receive a valve guide that supports a valve stem of an exhaust valve. Moreover, the first sealing register is disposed in a wall separating the exhaust flow path and the coolant flow path. Also, a first wall portion of the wall extends between the first sealing register and an exhaust valve seat configured to receive a valve head of the exhaust valve, and a second wall portion of the wall extends from the first sealing register away from the first wall portion.

A system includes an engine head that mounts to an engine block of a reciprocating engine, and the engine head includes an intake flow path, an exhaust flow path, a coolant flow path, and first and second sealing registers disposed on opposite sides of the coolant flow path. In addition, the first and second sealing registers are configured to receive a valve guide that supports a valve stem of an exhaust valve. Moreover, the first sealing register is disposed in a wall separating the exhaust flow path and the coolant flow path. Also, a first wall portion of the wall extends between the first sealing register and an exhaust valve seat configured to receive a valve head of the exhaust valve, and a second wall portion of the wall extends from the first sealing register away from the first wall portion.