A gas cylinder includes supply passages for supplying, to an accommodation chamber, a part of gas supplied to a second port. When the pressure in a first pressure chamber is equal to or lower than a prescribed pressure, a valve element closes a discharge flow passage by the biasing force of a spring member and the pressure in the accommodation chamber. When the pressure in the first pressure chamber exceeds the prescribed pressure, the valve element is moved by the pressure in the first pressure chamber, against the biasing force and the pressure in the accommodation chamber, to thereby open the discharge flow passage.

Passenger restraint systems are provided. The restraint systems can include: a passenger seat supported by a frame; a restraint bar pivotably attached to the frame; and at least one piston operably engaged between the restraint bar and the frame. Restraint system pistons are provided. The pistons can include: a central chamber housing a piston head and rod; a fluid reservoir in fluid communication with the central chamber; and at least one electromechanical valve operable between an open and a closed position. Methods for restraining a passenger within a seat are also provided.

An actuator arm lock suitable for use with an actuator which has an actuator arm and an actuator body The actuator arm lock comprises a lock ring suitable for clamping around an actuator arm. The lock ring comprises a circumferentially extending element and a locking element. The circumferentially extending element comprises first and second element ends and an inner surface which faces towards the actuator arm when the actuator arm lock is in use, and the circumferentially extending element is configured to partially extend around the actuator arm. The locking element comprises first and second locking ends and is configured to extend at least between the first and second element ends of the circumferentially extending element. The first locking end of the locking element is engaged with or engageable with the first element end of the circumferentially extending element.

Cushion holes are provided in cover members, tubular cushion rings are provided on a piston and a piston rod so as to be insertable into and withdrawable from the cushion holes as the piston moves, cushion packings capable of slidably contacting the outer circumference of the cushion rings are mounted to be movable in an axial direction, in mounting grooves formed on inner walls of the cover members constituting the cushion holes, the cushion packings each include a plurality of protrusions extending from the outer circumferential surface to the side surface near the piston and disposed circumferentially alongside one another, and cushioning grooves that extend in parallel with the axis of the cushion rings and whose cross-sectional area changes are formed on the outer circumferential surface of the cushion rings.

A fluid leakage detection device includes: an annular member attached to a cylinder head, the annular member being configured such that a piston rod is inserted through the annular member; a passage formed in the annular member, the passage being configured such that a working fluid is guided to the passage from a gap between an outer circumference of the piston rod and an inner circumference of the cylinder head; and a detector configured to detect the working fluid guided through the passage, wherein the annular member includes a press-fitted portion, the press-fitted portion being configured to be press-fitted to an annular groove formed in the cylinder head.

A hydraulic cylinder may include a housing and a rod extending from a working end positioned outside the housing through a rod end of the housing to a piston end positioned within the housing. The hydraulic cylinder may also include a piston arranged on the piston end of the rod and configured to articulate within the housing. The hydraulic cylinder may also include a cap end secured to the housing and having a pocket for receiving a sensor. The pocket may have a cylindrical sidewall. The cap end may include a bore extending therethrough and arranged generally tangential to the sidewall where the bore extends into the cap end, breaches the sidewall, and extends further passed the pocket. The hydraulic cylinder may also include a retention pin configured for placement in the bore and for an interference fit with the sensor when the sensor is arranged in the pocket.

Passenger restraint systems are provided. The restraint systems can include: a passenger seat supported by a frame; a restraint bar pivotably attached to the frame; and at least one piston operably engaged between the restraint bar and the frame. Restraint system pistons are provided. The pistons can include: a central chamber housing a piston head and rod; a fluid reservoir in fluid communication with the central chamber; and at least one electromechanical valve operable between an open and a closed position. Methods for restraining a passenger within a seat are also provided.

A piston and cylinder unit (1) of a working machine, for example a wheel loader, excavator, tipper, crane or stacker or a lifting platform serves to steer, support, extend, pivot, lift or other movements of the working machine or of a tool or a different part of the working machine. The piston and cylinder unit (1) includes a cylinder (2), a piston (7) being arranged in the cylinder (2) to be axially movable and a piston position detection unit (28) detecting the axial position of the piston (7) in the cylinder (2) by high frequency technology. The piston position detection unit (28) includes a housing (3) and an electronic unit being arranged in the housing is arranged in a mounting bore (27) extending radially in the cylinder (2). The piston position detection unit (28) is arranged in the mounting bore (27) such that the interior (3) of the cylinder (2) is sealed from the surroundings of the piston and cylinder unit (1) by the housing (29).

A gas cylinder includes supply passages for supplying, to an accommodation chamber, a part of gas supplied to a second port. When the pressure in a first pressure chamber is equal to or lower than a prescribed pressure, a valve element closes a discharge flow passage by the biasing force of a spring member and the pressure in the accommodation chamber. When the pressure in the first pressure chamber exceeds the prescribed pressure, the valve element is moved by the pressure in the first pressure chamber, against the biasing force and the pressure in the accommodation chamber, to thereby open the discharge flow passage.

Methods, apparatus, systems and articles of manufacture are disclosed that produce a pneumatic actuator end cap having an integral volume booster. An example pneumatic actuator end cap includes a first cavity to provide a first fluid passageway to receive a pressurized fluid from a source external to the pneumatic actuator end cap, a second cavity to provide a second fluid passageway to route the pressurized fluid to an internal chamber of a pneumatic actuator in which a piston is disposed, and a third cavity containing a fluid valve to control a flow of the pressurized fluid between the first fluid passageway and the second fluid passageway.