Passenger restraint systems are provided. The restraint systems can include: a passenger seat supported by a frame; a restraint bar pivotably attached to the frame; and at least one piston operably engaged between the restraint bar and the frame. Restraint system pistons are provided. The pistons can include: a central chamber housing a piston head and rod; a fluid reservoir in fluid communication with the central chamber; and at least one electromechanical valve operable between an open and a closed position. Methods for restraining a passenger within a seat are also provided.

A fluid pressure cylinder. A first stepped section having a greater diameter than a cylinder chamber is formed at one end of a cylinder tube constituting a fluid pressure cylinder. A disc-shaped head cover is inserted into the cylinder chamber. The one end is pressed and plastically deformed by a staking jig to form a deformed section, and the head cover is affixed within the first stepped section by the deformed section. As a result of this configuration, the head cover can be more firmly affixed while the sealing effect between the cylinder tube and the head cover is ensured. This eliminates need for a seal means and an engagement means which is used to affix the head cover, and consequently, the number of parts can be reduced.

An actuator includes a piston and a housing. The piston includes a piston shaft that is configured to reciprocate within a chamber of the housing. The actuator includes a gland electrically coupled to the housing. The gland forms at least a portion of a first end of the chamber. The actuator also includes a first conductor positioned in the chamber. The first conductor is coupled to the gland and to a first side of the piston to electrically couple the piston to the housing.

An air cylinder in which a flow rate controller is built in, has a head cover and a rod cover. A pilot air adjustment unit guides exhaust air to a switch valve of the flow rate controller as pilot air, and the switch valve is switched by an increase in the pressure of the pilot air.

Passenger restraint systems are provided. The restraint systems can include: a passenger seat supported by a frame; a restraint bar pivotably attached to the frame; and at least one piston operably engaged between the restraint bar and the frame. Restraint system pistons are provided. The pistons can include: a central chamber housing a piston head and rod; a fluid reservoir in fluid communication with the central chamber; and at least one electromechanical valve operable between an open and a closed position. Methods for restraining a passenger within a seat are also provided.

In a fluid pressure cylinder, cylindrical bodies are connected to both ends of a cylinder tube, and latching rings are disposed detachably in interior of the cylindrical bodies. A head cover and a rod cover, which are accommodated in the cylinder tube, are fixed by the latching rings. Recesses, which are recessed diametrally inward, are provided on outer circumferential surfaces of the head cover and the rod cover, respectively. First and second fluid ports open respectively in the recesses, and a pressure fluid is supplied and discharged through the first and second fluid ports.

A fluid leakage detection device includes: an annular member attached to a cylinder head, the annular member being configured such that a piston rod is inserted through the annular member; a passage formed in the annular member, the passage being configured such that a working fluid is guided to the passage from a gap between an outer circumference of the piston rod and an inner circumference of the cylinder head; and a detector configured to detect the working fluid guided through the passage, wherein the annular member includes a press-fitted portion, the press-fitted portion being configured to be press-fitted to an annular groove formed in the cylinder head.

A modular electrohydraulic actuator including an electric motor, a hydraulic pump driven by the electric motor, and a hydraulic actuator in fluid communication with the hydraulic pump. The hydraulic actuator includes a hydraulic cylinder supporting a pressure sleeve in which a piston and rod is adapted for reciprocating motion in response to a supply of pressurized fluid to a first side or a second side of the piston, wherein at least one of the electric motor, hydraulic pump, hydraulic cylinder, piston, piston rod or the pressure sleeve supported in the hydraulic cylinder is selectively removable and replaceable with a different component to vary at least one performance characteristic of the electrohydraulic actuator.

A piston and cylinder unit (1) of a working machine, for example a wheel loader, excavator, tipper, crane or stacker or a lifting platform serves to steer, support, extend, pivot, lift or other movements of the working machine or of a tool or a different part of the working machine. The piston and cylinder unit (1) includes a cylinder (2), a piston (7) being arranged in the cylinder (2) to be axially movable and a piston position detection unit (28) detecting the axial position of the piston (7) in the cylinder (2) by high frequency technology. The piston position detection unit (28) includes a housing (3) and an electronic unit being arranged in the housing is arranged in a mounting bore (27) extending radially in the cylinder (2). The piston position detection unit (28) is arranged in the mounting bore (27) such that the interior (3) of the cylinder (2) is sealed from the surroundings of the piston and cylinder unit (1) by the housing (29).

A hydraulic actuator is disclosed that comprises a first, fixed portion and a second portion movable relative to the first portion. The second portion comprises a hydraulic actuating device for actuating a component, and the actuator further comprises an intermediate member configured to interconnect the first portion with the second portion and permit movement of the second portion relative to the first portion. The intermediate member is configured to convey hydraulic fluid to the hydraulic actuating device of the second portion through a body of the intermediate member.