Disclosed herein are a non-bee made honey formulations comprising fructose in an amount from about 20% to about 55% w/w, glucose in an amount from about 20% to about 40% w/w, one or organic acids in an amount from about 0.001% to about 5% w/w, one or more polyphenols in an amount from 0.001% to about 5% w/w; and water, up to an amount to complete. The formulation may comprise protein in an amount less than less than 0.17% w/w, and comprise the one or more polyphenols are present in a concentration of at least 0.4 mM. The formulation may closely approximate natural bee-made clover honey by taste, aroma, flavor, texture, mouthfeel, color, and overall appearance. Also disclosed herein are methods of making the bee made honey formulations.

Flower pollen may be added to one or more types of food or liquid compositions for human consumption. The one or more types of food or liquid compositions for human consumption may include, but are not limited to, honey substitutes, plant-based waters, and plant-based foods. The flower pollen may be pharmaceutical-grade, allergen-free, Pareve and Kosher-certified.

The invention relates to a method based on mixing honey as a raw material and maltodextrin, in proportions of approximately 80% honey and approximately 20% maltodextrin. The mixture is stored in an inert atmosphere and is subjected to a vacuum drying process in order to obtain a pasty mass which is ground so as to obtain a grain-type product, corresponding to the desired final product. The natural sweetener obtained in used as a product to sweeten all types of drinks and food.

Systems comprising a first polynucleotide comprising a regulatory element operatively linked to an open reading frame encoding an invertase enzyme and a second polynucleotide comprising a repressible regulatory element operatively linked to an open reading frame encoding a glucose oxidase enzyme wherein the repressible element inhibits transcription in response to hydrogen peroxide are provided. Cells and compositions comprising a system of the invention, as well as methods using the system of the invention, are also provided, as is artificial honey.