Compositions that provide sustained energy up to 8 hours with an amount of caffeine that is less than 25 mg are described. The compositions comprise at least an astragaloside compound, a ginsenoside compound, a stilbenoid compound, and caffeine. Many of the compositions further comprise an amino acid having anabolic properties (e.g., having a role in the regulation of protein metabolism), including one or more of the group of arginine, ornithine, citrulline, glutamine, and a precursor, analog, prodrug, and/or derivative thereof, as well as molecules that interact with arginosuccinate synthase and/or arginosuccinate lyase, and analogs, prodrugs and derivatives thereof. Methods of utilizing the described compositions include administering orally to a subject an effective amount of the described composition, such that the composition provides sustained energy for up to 8 hours with an amount of caffeine in the composition administered orally that is less than 25 mg.

Compositions that provide sustained energy up to 8 hours with an amount of caffeine that is less than 25 mg are described. The compositions comprise at least an astragaloside compound, a ginsenoside compound, a stilbenoid compound, and caffeine. Many of the compositions further comprise an amino acid having anabolic properties (e.g., having a role in the regulation of protein metabolism), including one or more of the group of arginine, ornithine, citrulline, glutamine, and a precursor, analog, prodrug, and/or derivative thereof, as well as molecules that interact with arginosuccinate synthase and/or arginosuccinate lyase, and analogs, prodrugs and derivatives thereof. Methods of utilizing the described compositions include administering orally to a subject an effective amount of the described composition, such that the composition provides sustained energy for up to 8 hours with an amount of caffeine in the composition administered orally that is less than 25 mg.

The invention provides a method of increasing blood flow in a subject in need of increased blood flow by administering citrulline or a salt thereof and arginine or a salt thereof to the subject.

The invention provides a method of increasing blood flow in a subject in need of increased blood flow by administering citrulline or a salt thereof and arginine or a salt thereof to the subject.

The invention provides a rapid-acting, blood NO.sub.x level-increasing oral preparation containing citrulline or a salt thereof and arginine or a salt thereof as active ingredients. The rapid-acting, blood NO.sub.x level-increasing oral preparation of the present invention can rapidly and effectively increase blood NO.sub.x level after ingestion, and can rapidly provide an arginine ingestion effect.

The invention provides a rapid-acting, blood NO.sub.x level-increasing oral preparation containing citrulline or a salt thereof and arginine or a salt thereof as active ingredients. The rapid-acting, blood NO.sub.x level-increasing oral preparation of the present invention can rapidly and effectively increase blood NO.sub.x level after ingestion, and can rapidly provide an arginine ingestion effect.