An ultra low quantity of HHO gas is introduced to an internal combustion engine to improve fuel economy and/or reduce engine-out emissions, for example in a vehicle or generator.

A vehicle comprising: an internal combustion engine configured to generate an engine torque using high-gasoline content fuel; at least one fuel injector configured to deliver the high-gasoline content fuel to a cylinder of the engine; at least one heating element configured to heat the high-gasoline content fuel prior to it being delivered to the cylinder by the fuel injector; a fuel pump connected to the heating element to supply high-gasoline to the heating element, the fuel pump being configured to pressurise the high-gasoline content fuel; and an engine controller configured to control the engine torque generated by the engine and control the fuel pressure generated by the fuel pump, the engine controller using a heated-fuel behaviour model of the engine, when the fuel is being heated by the heating element(s), to: (i) control an amount of fuel delivered by the fuel injector, the heated-fuel behaviour model causing a reduced fuel injection amount for a given engine torque relative to unheated high-gasoline content fuel; and (ii) cause a higher fuel pressure to be generated by the fuel pump relative to unheated high-gasoline content fuel.

An exhaust gas purification device (26) for a gas turbine engine (10) comprises a catalyst chamber (64, 96) defined in an exhaust gas passage (22), a reduction agent container (32) containing a solid material that releases a reduction agent gas effective for NOx reduction when heated, a heating device (36, 38) for heating the solid material contained in the reduction agent container, and a reduction agent gas supply passage (48) for supplying the reduction agent gas released from the solid material into the catalyst chamber.

In an engine which includes an oxidation catalyst and an SCR catalyst in an exhaust passage, a first flow regulating control in which a control valve is controlled so as to decrease a flow rate of an exhaust gas which passes through the oxidation catalyst and the SCR catalyst is performed in a case where the oxidation catalyst is in a low temperature state at the time of performing deceleration fuel cut, and a second flow regulating control in which the control valve is controlled so as to increase the flow rate of the exhaust gas which passes through the oxidation catalyst and the SCR catalyst is performed in a case where the oxidation catalyst is in a temperature state higher than the low temperature state and the SCR catalyst is in a low temperature state at the time of performing the deceleration fuel cut.

A multi-chamber assembly safely stores enhancement gas for efficient and complete combustion of a carbonaceous fuel is presented. The multi-chamber assembly safely stores the enhancement gas, for example, for use by the internal combustion engine such as an internal combustion engine of a vehicle and/or a generator.

A system for efficient combustion of a carbonaceous fuel is presented. An ultra low quantity of enhancement gas may be introduced to an internal combustion engine to improve at least one operating metric of the internal combustion engine such as fuel economy and/or reduce engine-out emissions, for example in a vehicle or generator.

A method for controlling a reductant generation device 100, the reductant generation device 100 including: a sprayer 10 capable of spraying a reductant precursor 50; and a heater 20 comprising a ceramic substrate 21, the heater 20 being arranged on a downstream side of the sprayer 10 and capable of heating the reductant precursor 50 to generate a reductant 60. The method includes: a permeation step of spraying the reductant precursor 50 from the sprayer 10 and permeating the ceramic substrate 21 with the reductant precursor 50 when the heater is not heated; and after the permeation step, a heating step A of heating the reductant precursor 50 by the heater 20 and generating the reductant 60 while spraying the reductant precursor 50 from the sprayer 10.