A system for measuring a deformation of a structure configured to be installed on an aircraft includes deformation sensor means configured to be associated with the structure and to assume an electrical resistance value indicative of the deformation of the structure and having two short-circuited electrical connection terminals to recreate a closed circuit, magnetic field excitation means having a laser generator and configured to generate a magnetic field concatenated with the closed circuit to generate an induced current, electromagnetic radiation, transmission means having an antenna and configured to emit an electromagnetic radiation, value of the electromagnetic radiation being a function of the electrical resistance of the deformation sensor means, electromagnetic radiation receiving means having an antenna and configured to receive the electromagnetic radiation transmitted by the electromagnetic radiation transmission means, and control means for determining the deformation of the structure as a function of the value of electromagnetic radiation received.

An apparatus for detecting swelling of a battery module, which includes a swelling detection panel having an edge in contact with an inner surface of a battery module housing; a slant portion configured to protrude from the inner surface of the battery module housing and having a slant surface extending from a first location adjacent to the edge of the swelling detection panel to a second location while forming a predetermined angle with the inner surface; a contact sensor unit installed to the inner surface of the battery module housing immediately adjacent to an end of the slant surface corresponding to the second location; and a control unit configured to receive a swelling detection signal from the contact sensor unit when the edge of the swelling detection panel contacts the contact sensor unit, and to control an alarm unit to output an alarm message.

In a management system for an attachment state of an attachment object, a sensor capable of detecting a value equivalent to stress of stress loaded, or a predetermined value from which the value equivalent to stress can be calculated, a washer storage unit storing identification information of a sensing washer, and a washer control unit transmitting the value equivalent to stress and the identification information of the sensing washer via a communication unit, are provided in the sensing washer between a bolt and a nut that attach an attachment object to a structural object. A management processing device acquires the value equivalent to stress and identification information of the sensing washer transmitted from the sensing washer, and presents the value equivalent to stress of the sensing washer of the identification information, or a corresponding stress value, as relational information with respect to a reference value stored in a storage unit.

In a management system for an attachment state of an attachment object, a sensor capable of detecting a value equivalent to stress of stress loaded, or a predetermined value from which the value equivalent to stress can be calculated, a washer storage unit storing identification information of a sensing washer, and a washer control unit transmitting the value equivalent to stress and the identification information of the sensing washer via a communication unit, are provided in the sensing washer between a bolt and a nut that attach an attachment object to a structural object. A management processing device acquires the value equivalent to stress and identification information of the sensing washer transmitted from the sensing washer, and presents the value equivalent to stress of the sensing washer of the identification information, or a corresponding stress value, as relational information with respect to a reference value stored in a storage unit.

A detection device detects a mechanical deformation of a high-voltage accumulator of a motor vehicle, and includes: a sensor element, which senses an electrical measurement variable, wherein the sensor element is substantially flat and is attached at least partially to a first component of the high-voltage accumulator; and an evaluation device for analyzing the electrical measurement variable between the sensor element and a second component of the high-voltage accumulator and for outputting a corresponding warning on the basis of the electrical measurement variable, wherein at least one region of the surface of the second component is electrically conductive.

An estimating device estimates a target physical amount by a learned model that is learned by using as learning data a plurality of at least three physical amounts, which are of vary in accordance with deformation at a member deforming linearly or non-linearly. The learned model is a model that has been subjected to learning so as to output the target physical amount from inputs two physical amounts of an object of estimation that correspond to at least two physical amounts other than the target physical amount.

According to one embodiment, a sensor device comprises a substrate, and a sensor layer superposed on the substrate, the substrate includes a plurality of individual areas arranged in a matrix in a first direction and a second direction that intersect each other, a plurality of individual electrodes arranged in the plurality of individual areas, and a common electrode facing the plurality of individual electrodes and generating a plurality of electric fields between the plurality of individual electrodes, wherein the plurality of electric fields are in different directions in a planar view, and the plurality of electric fields in different directions are applied to the sensor layer.

According to one embodiment, a sensor device comprises a substrate, and a sensor layer superposed on the substrate, the substrate includes a plurality of individual areas arranged in a matrix in a first direction and a second direction that intersect each other, a plurality of individual electrodes arranged in the plurality of individual areas, and a common electrode facing the plurality of individual electrodes and generating a plurality of electric fields between the plurality of individual electrodes, wherein the plurality of electric fields are in different directions in a planar view, and the plurality of electric fields in different directions are applied to the sensor layer.

A strain gauge includes a flexible substrate and a functional layer formed of a metal, an alloy, or a metal compound, the functional layer being directly on one surface of the substrate. The strain gauge includes a resistor formed of a film that includes Cr, CrN, and Cr.sub.2N and that is formed with α-Cr as a main component. The functional layer includes a function of promoting crystal growth of α-Cr and forming an α-Cr based film.

A strain gauge includes a flexible substrate and a functional layer formed of a metal, an alloy, or a metal compound, the functional layer being directly on one surface of the substrate. The strain gauge includes a resistor formed of a film that includes Cr, CrN, and Cr.sub.2N and that is formed with α-Cr as a main component. The functional layer includes a function of promoting crystal growth of α-Cr and forming an α-Cr based film.