A system is provided. The system includes a conveyor apparatus configured for conveying a material and a water content measurement system positioned about the conveyor apparatus for determining water content in the material. A dimension characteristic measurement system for detecting one or more dimension characteristics of the material is provided and a computer device is configured to manipulate data received from the water content measurement system and the dimension characteristic measurement system to determine a water content of the material.

A golf ball comprising layers that have from 0.05% to 70% by weight of a radio-opaque filler, and wherein the concentration of the radio-opaque filler is measurably different in each layer is disclosed herein. The radio-opaque filler is preferably a compound based on barium, bismuth, tungsten, iodine, or reduced iron.

A golf ball comprising layers that have from 0.05% to 70% by weight of a radio-opaque filler, and wherein the concentration of the radio-opaque filler is measurably different in each layer is disclosed herein. The radio-opaque filler is preferably a compound based on barium, bismuth, tungsten, iodine, or reduced iron.

In measuring a dimension of an object to be measured W made of a single material, a plurality of transmission images of the object to be measured W are obtained by using an X-ray CT apparatus, and then respective projection images are generated. The projection images are registered with CAD data used in designing the object to be measured W. The dimension of the object to be measured W is calculated by using a relationship between the registered CAD data and projection images. In such a manner, high-precision dimension measurement is achieved by using several tens of projection images and design information without performing CT reconstruction.

In measuring a dimension of an object to be measured W made of a single material, a plurality of transmission images of the object to be measured W are obtained by using an X-ray CT apparatus, and then respective projection images are generated. The projection images are registered with CAD data used in designing the object to be measured W. The dimension of the object to be measured W is calculated by using a relationship between the registered CAD data and projection images. In such a manner, high-precision dimension measurement is achieved by using several tens of projection images and design information without performing CT reconstruction.

A method for measuring average thickness of a metal or alloy coating on a metal or alloy substrate using an X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectrometer is used when the coating has an uneven surface at different distances from a measurement window of the XRF spectrometer. The method includes measuring elemental composition of the coating or substrate using the XRF spectrometer and obtaining the average thickness of the coating using a calibration relationship between coating thickness and elemental composition of the coating or substrate. The metal or alloy coating may be a metal or alloy coating of a plurality of outer armor wires wrapped around a cable. The method may be used to analyze coating thickness changes over time or along the length of the cable, or to analyze a corrosive environment in order to choose optimal material for a metal or alloy coating.

A method for measuring average thickness of a metal or alloy coating on a metal or alloy substrate using an X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectrometer is used when the coating has an uneven surface at different distances from a measurement window of the XRF spectrometer. The method includes measuring elemental composition of the coating or substrate using the XRF spectrometer and obtaining the average thickness of the coating using a calibration relationship between coating thickness and elemental composition of the coating or substrate. The metal or alloy coating may be a metal or alloy coating of a plurality of outer armor wires wrapped around a cable. The method may be used to analyze coating thickness changes over time or along the length of the cable, or to analyze a corrosive environment in order to choose optimal material for a metal or alloy coating.

A disclosed airborne vehicle includes split-ring resonators (split ring resonators), which may be embedded within a material. Each split ring resonator may be formed from a three-dimensional (3D) monolithic carbonaceous growth and may detect an electromagnetic ping emitted from a user device. Each split ring resonator may generate an electromagnetic return signal in response to the electromagnetic ping. The electromagnetic return signal may indicate a state of the material in a position proximate to a respective split ring resonator. In some aspects, each may resonate at a first frequency in response to the electromagnetic ping when the material is in a first state, and may resonate at a second frequency in response to the electromagnetic ping when the material is in a second state. A resonant frequency of the 3D monolithic carbonaceous growth may be based on physical characteristics of the material.

Analyzing a buried layer on a sample includes milling a spot on the sample using a charged particle beam of a focused ion beam (FIB) column to expose the buried layer along a sidewall of the spot. From a first perspective a first distance is measured between a first point on the sidewall corresponding to an upper surface of the buried layer and a second point on the sidewall corresponding to a lower surface of the buried layer. From a second perspective a second distance is measured between the first point on the sidewall corresponding to the upper surface of the buried layer and the second point on the sidewall corresponding to the lower surface of the buried layer. A thickness of the buried layer is determined using the first distance and the second distance.

Analyzing a buried layer on a sample includes milling a spot on the sample using a charged particle beam of a focused ion beam (FIB) column to expose the buried layer along a sidewall of the spot. From a first perspective a first distance is measured between a first point on the sidewall corresponding to an upper surface of the buried layer and a second point on the sidewall corresponding to a lower surface of the buried layer. From a second perspective a second distance is measured between the first point on the sidewall corresponding to the upper surface of the buried layer and the second point on the sidewall corresponding to the lower surface of the buried layer. A thickness of the buried layer is determined using the first distance and the second distance.