Method for determining states of a system by means of an estimation filter, in which first state values are determined by calculating a mean value of a probability distribution for the states, in which a probability for deviation for the case that the first state values deviate from the actual states of the system is calculated, and in which the states of the system are measured as state data. In the method the first state values are corrected by means of the state data then, if the probability for deviation is larger than a threshold.

A method for determining a value of a measured variable, which is a function of a first auxiliary measured variable and at least a second auxiliary measured variable, comprising: registering and providing a sequence of measured values of the first auxiliary measured variable over at least a first time range; providing a value of the second auxiliary measured variable, wherein the point in time of registering the provided value lies in the first time range; selecting a value of the first auxiliary measured variable from the sequence of measured values of the first auxiliary measured variable as a function of information concerning point in time of registering the provided value of the second auxiliary measured variable; and ascertaining a value of the measured variable as a function of the selected value of the first auxiliary measured variable and the value of the second auxiliary measured variable.

A method for determining a value of a measured variable, which is a function of a first auxiliary measured variable and at least a second auxiliary measured variable, comprising: registering and providing a sequence of measured values of the first auxiliary measured variable over at least a first time range; providing a value of the second auxiliary measured variable, wherein the point in time of registering the provided value lies in the first time range; selecting a value of the first auxiliary measured variable from the sequence of measured values of the first auxiliary measured variable as a function of information concerning point in time of registering the provided value of the second auxiliary measured variable; and ascertaining a value of the measured variable as a function of the selected value of the first auxiliary measured variable and the value of the second auxiliary measured variable.

An article having a conductive body, a magnetic diverter, and a communication device is described. The magnetic diverter is positioned on an outer surface of the conductive body. The magnetic diverter covers a substantial portion of the outer surface of the conductive body. A communication device is positioned on the outer surface of the diverter or may be recessed therein. The communication device is capable of signal coupling with a reader.

A system and method for estimating the residual fatigue life of a load cell includes storing, in a memory, fatigue life reference data associated with a test load cell. A predetermined number of data storage bins are provided. Each data storage bin is representative of a predefined value range of peak loads. Peak loads applied to an in-service load cell are detected, and each is stored in an appropriate one of the data storage bins. A number of load cycles of the in-service load cell are calculated based on the detected peak loads stored in each of the data storage bins. An estimate of the residual life of the in-service load cell is calculated from the fatigue life reference data and the calculated number of load cycles of the in-service load cell.

A system and method for estimating the residual fatigue life of a load cell includes storing, in a memory, fatigue life reference data associated with a test load cell. A predetermined number of data storage bins are provided. Each data storage bin is representative of a predefined value range of peak loads. Peak loads applied to an in-service load cell are detected, and each is stored in an appropriate one of the data storage bins. A number of load cycles of the in-service load cell are calculated based on the detected peak loads stored in each of the data storage bins. An estimate of the residual life of the in-service load cell is calculated from the fatigue life reference data and the calculated number of load cycles of the in-service load cell.

Some aspects of the present disclosure provide for a sensor system having a large range between minimum and maximum allowed input quantities. In some embodiments, the sensor system has a nonlinear sensor and a linear sensor. The nonlinear sensor is generates a first nonlinear signal corresponding to a detected physical input quantity. The linear sensor generates a second linear signal corresponding to the detected physical input quantity. A signal processor receives the first nonlinear signal and the second linear signal and generates a composite output signal that corresponds to the detected physical input quantity. The composite output signal is a combination of the first nonlinear signal and the second linear signal that provides for a signal having a high sensitivity to small physical input quantities while avoiding saturation at large physical input quantities.

Some aspects of the present disclosure provide for a sensor system having a large range between minimum and maximum allowed input quantities. In some embodiments, the sensor system has a nonlinear sensor and a linear sensor. The nonlinear sensor is generates a first nonlinear signal corresponding to a detected physical input quantity. The linear sensor generates a second linear signal corresponding to the detected physical input quantity. A signal processor receives the first nonlinear signal and the second linear signal and generates a composite output signal that corresponds to the detected physical input quantity. The composite output signal is a combination of the first nonlinear signal and the second linear signal that provides for a signal having a high sensitivity to small physical input quantities while avoiding saturation at large physical input quantities.

The present teachings comprise systems and methods for calibrating the background or baseline signal in a PCR or other reaction. The background signal derived from detected emissions of sample wells can be subjected to a normalized statistical metric, and be compared to a threshold or other standard to discard outlier cycles or other extraneous data. According to various embodiments, a relative standard deviation (relativeSTD) for the background component can be generated by dividing the standard deviation by the median of differences across all wells, where the difference is defined as the difference between maximum and minimum pixel values of a well. The relativeSTD as a metric is not sensitive to machine-dependent variations in absolute signal output that can be caused by different gain settings, different LED draw currents, different optical paths, or other instrumental variations. More accurate background characterization can be achieved.

Embodiments relate to a sensor system configured to detect physical rotation, entire or relative, of one or more objects and/or their environment and/or proximity of a magnetic field, by measuring the degree of localization of a medium trapped in a ring-shaped artificial lattice. The lattice structure can be configured to comprise of lattice sites distributed with a lattice period around an azimuth of a closed ring. The site depths of the plurality of lattice sites can be configured to be modulated with a modulation period different from the lattice period to affect the onsite energies of each lattice site and the eigenstates of the system. Physical rotation of the sensor and/or the proximity of magnetic field will alter the localization properties so as to cause the degree of localization of the medium to change (e.g., the medium becomes more confined in space or more spread out in space).