An electrode performance evaluation system and an electrode performance evaluation method is disclosed. The method includes acquiring impedance measurement data for different frequencies by applying an alternating current signal to an electrode assembly including an electrode which is immersed in an electrolyte solution, calculating impedance calculation data for different frequencies while changing the frequency of an impedance equation corresponding to a circuit model of the electrode assembly, calculating the resistance value of ion bulk resistance in the electrolyte solution using the ion conductivity of the electrolyte solution, the area of the electrode and the thickness and porosity of an active material layer of the electrode, and determining effective tortuosity as a factor of the electrode performance based on the impedance measurement data for different frequencies, the impedance calculation data for different frequencies and the resistance value of the ion bulk resistance.

An electrode performance evaluation system and an electrode performance evaluation method is disclosed. The method includes acquiring impedance measurement data for different frequencies by applying an alternating current signal to an electrode assembly including an electrode which is immersed in an electrolyte solution, calculating impedance calculation data for different frequencies while changing the frequency of an impedance equation corresponding to a circuit model of the electrode assembly, calculating the resistance value of ion bulk resistance in the electrolyte solution using the ion conductivity of the electrolyte solution, the area of the electrode and the thickness and porosity of an active material layer of the electrode, and determining effective tortuosity as a factor of the electrode performance based on the impedance measurement data for different frequencies, the impedance calculation data for different frequencies and the resistance value of the ion bulk resistance.

A U-shaped tube is used to measure the mass flow rate of the fluid using both thermal method and the Coriolis principle simultaneously. Two resistant coils are wound on the tube to do the thermal measurement and an excitation coil and two optical sensors are used to do the Coriolis flow measurement. It takes the advantages of both technologies and create a flow sensor which is super accurate, gas type insensitive, long-term stable and fast responsive without too much pressure drop.

A U-shaped tube is used to measure the mass flow rate of the fluid using both thermal method and the Coriolis principle simultaneously. Two resistant coils are wound on the tube to do the thermal measurement and an excitation coil and two optical sensors are used to do the Coriolis flow measurement. It takes the advantages of both technologies and create a flow sensor which is super accurate, gas type insensitive, long-term stable and fast responsive without too much pressure drop.

A heating system includes at least one electric heater disposed within the fluid flow system. A control device includes a microprocessor and is configured to determine a temperature of the at least one electric heater based on a model and at least one input from the fluid flow system. The control device is configured to provide power to the at least one electric heater based on the temperature of the at least one electric heater.

A heating system includes at least one electric heater disposed within the fluid flow system. A control device includes a microprocessor and is configured to determine a temperature of the at least one electric heater based on a model and at least one input from the fluid flow system. The control device is configured to provide power to the at least one electric heater based on the temperature of the at least one electric heater.

A flow measurement probe includes an elongate probe having an averaging pitot tube with a plurality of upstream and downstream openings arranged along a length of the elongate probe, and a thermal flow measurement sensor coupled to the elongate probe. A method of measuring fluid flow rate in a process includes calculating a flow rate of the fluid using differential pressure in upstream and downstream openings of an averaging pitot tube in an elongate probe when the differential pressure is at least a defined measurement threshold, and calculating the flow rate of the fluid with a thermal mass flow sensor coupled to the flow measurement probe when the differential pressure is less than the defined measurement threshold.

A flow measurement probe includes an elongate probe having an averaging pitot tube with a plurality of upstream and downstream openings arranged along a length of the elongate probe, and a thermal flow measurement sensor coupled to the elongate probe. A method of measuring fluid flow rate in a process includes calculating a flow rate of the fluid using differential pressure in upstream and downstream openings of an averaging pitot tube in an elongate probe when the differential pressure is at least a defined measurement threshold, and calculating the flow rate of the fluid with a thermal mass flow sensor coupled to the flow measurement probe when the differential pressure is less than the defined measurement threshold.

A measuring arrangement for determining flow velocity of at least one liquid phase and/or a gas phase of a vapor or a fluid composed of a liquid and a gaseous phase or a supercritical fluid, comprising a measuring tube, on or in which at least one sensor element of at least a first flow measuring device is arranged for measuring the liquid phase or the gas phase, wherein the measuring tube has at least an inflow region and an outflow region, wherein between these two regions a central region is arranged, whose measuring tube cross section has a greater area than the area of the measuring tube cross section of the outflow region or of the inflow region, and method for ascertaining flow of phases of a vapor or of a fluid composed of a liquid and a gaseous phase, or a supercritical fluid.

Several types of flow apparatus are disclosed including bypass parts, mass flow meters, and mass flow controllers are disclosed. A bypass unit includes a bypass part that is a plate-like member and a pair of external connection parts that is a pair of plate-like members laminated on two principal surfaces of the bypass part, respectively. The bypass part includes one first member or a laminated object of the first members. The first member is a sheet-like member in which a first inlet hole, a first outlet hole, and a groove, which makes these holes communicate with each other are formed. A second inlet hole and a second outlet hole are formed in the external connection part. The first inlet hole and the second inlet hole are configured to airtightly communicate, and the first outlet hole and the second outlet hole are configured to airtightly communicate with each other.