In accordance with one aspect of the present invention there is provided a method for controlling an operation of an electronic cigarette. The method can include determining a total amount of vaporization energy required to vaporize an amount of liquid stored in a reservoir of an electronic cigarette. The method can include determining a total amount of atomizer power that is delivered to an atomizer associated with the electronic cigarette over a period of time. The method can include determining an amount of liquid remaining in the reservoir of the electronic cigarette, based on a comparison between the total amount of vaporization energy and the total amount of atomizer power delivered to the atomizer over the period of time.

In accordance with one aspect of the present invention there is provided a method for controlling an operation of an electronic cigarette. The method can include determining a total amount of vaporization energy required to vaporize an amount of liquid stored in a reservoir of an electronic cigarette. The method can include determining a total amount of atomizer power that is delivered to an atomizer associated with the electronic cigarette over a period of time. The method can include determining an amount of liquid remaining in the reservoir of the electronic cigarette, based on a comparison between the total amount of vaporization energy and the total amount of atomizer power delivered to the atomizer over the period of time.

The disclosure relates to a method for estimating a flow out of at least one fluid pump for injecting fluid in a well, comprising: —determining a calculation model for the flow rate of a pump exiting the at least one pump, said calculation model permitting the calculation of the flow rate in function of at least one calculation parameter (p, SPAM) related to the at least one fluid pump; then —providing at a plurality of measuring times (t.sub.m), a set of measurement values (P.sub.DH,m, P.sub.B,m, SPM.sub.DH,m, SPM.sub.B,m) representative of said at least one calculation parameter; then —estimating (86) the flow rate exiting the pump in function of the model and of said at least one calculation parameter.

A processing apparatus includes a chamber configured to accommodate a substrate to be processed, a nozzle provided in the chamber and configured to supply a processing solution to the substrate, a flow rate measuring part configured to measure a flow rate of the processing solution supplied to the nozzle, a flow path opening/closing part configured to open and close a supply flow path of the processing solution to the nozzle, and a controller configured to output a close signal causing the flow path opening/closing part to perform a closing operation that closes the supply flow path. The controller is configured to detect an operation abnormality of the flow path opening/closing part based on an accumulated amount of the flow rate measured by the flow rate measuring part after outputting the close signal.

Various embodiments are directed to a fluid composition sensor device and method of using the same. In various embodiments, the fluid flow composition sensor is configured to receive a volume of fluid, the fluid composition sensor comprising a housing, a removable fluid flow component, an impactor nozzle, a collection media assembly dock element configured to receive a replaceable collection media assembly comprising a collection media configured to receive one or more particles within the volume of fluid, an imaging device configured to capture an image of at least a portion of the one or more particles received by the fluid composition sensor, and a controller configured to determine, based at least in part on the image, at least one particle characteristic of the volume of fluid. The imaging device may be configured to capture the image of one or more particles received by the fluid composition sensor using lensless holography.

A drive circuit for a solenoid valve having a coil and a poppet configured to translate within the coil includes a drive switch operable to de-energize the coil to translate the poppet toward a closed position, a sensor configured to detect the poppet translating within the solenoid valve, and a drive circuit configured to energize and de-energize the coil of the solenoid valve to translate the poppet of the solenoid valve between an open position and a closed position. The drive circuit includes a controller configured to receive a closure signal from the sensor, determine a closing time of the solenoid valve based on the closure signal, determine a time delay between de-energizing the coil and the determined closing time, and determine a fluid flow value of fluid flowing through the solenoid valve based on the determined time delay.

The disclosure relates to a dialysis machine that comprises a dialyzer, a fluid source, a first line connected to the fluid source, and a container containing bicarbonate. The container connects to the first line and the fluid flows from the fluid source, through the first line, to the container. The dialysis machine further includes a second line connected to the container, a flow rate sensor connected to at least one of the lines, a pressure sensor configured for detecting fluid pressure of the container, a display, and a data processing apparatus. The data processing apparatus is configured to receive signals from the flow rate sensor and the pressure sensor. The data processing apparatus is configured to calculate a size of the container based on the received signals.

A method for collecting data, preferably in connection with a consumption, a physical or physico-chemical parameter and/or an operating state in a supply network for consumables. A measuring element of a local sensor provides elementary measuring units, which correspond to at least one physical or physico-chemical variable or parameter, as raw measurement data. In order to determine the measurement resolution of the sensor, the conditions for generating time stamps are determined in advance using a correlation model, time stamps of successive raw measurement data are generated in the sensor on the basis of the correlation model, the time stamps are transmitted and the raw measurement data acquired by the measuring element are reconstructed and evaluated on the basis of the time stamps using the correlation model. The temporal offset between a sensor and a receiver is corrected by transmitting telegrams to compensate for the temporal offset.

An expedited preflight readiness system for aircraft includes a power source having one or more battery modules for storing electrical power. An integrated controller is electrically and communicatively coupled with the power source for monitoring and controlling the power source to provide electrical power to aircraft subsystems. A mobile device is communicatively coupled with the integrated controller for communicating instructions to the integrated controller for initiating preflight readiness of the aircraft and for monitoring preflight readiness. A method for preconditioning an aircraft includes determining a state-of-charge of an APU and activating an environmental control subsystem for preconditioning the aircraft by adjusting a current temperature according to a preconditioning profile based on one or more of a target temperature, a target time, the current temperature, an outside air temperature, an amount of energy, and a state-of-charge of the APU.

Methods, systems, and apparatus, including computer programs encoded on a storage device, for identifying one or more water dispensing appliances that are currently using water. In one aspect, the method includes actions of obtaining a dispensing appliance signature, obtaining water consumption data that is based on first sensor data from a first sensor that is installed at the property, identifying a particular water dispensing appliance from among multiple different water dispensing appliances located at the property based on an analysis of (i) the water dispensing appliance signature and (ii) the water consumption data, and responsive to identifying the particular water dispensing appliance located at the property based on an analysis of (i) the water dispensing appliance signature and (ii) the water consumption data, generating output data based on the one or more particular water dispensing appliances that were identified.