An engine coolant temperature sensor configured to earth through the engine coolant such that an alarm will trigger when coolant is absent.

An engine coolant temperature sensor configured to earth through the engine coolant such that an alarm will trigger when coolant is absent.

[Problem] To provide a liquid level indicator and a liquid raw material vaporization feeder, in which the time to detect a switch from the liquid phase to the gas phase has reduced flow rate dependence, and also the detection time can be shortened.

[Means for Resolution] The present invention includes a chamber 2 that stores a liquid raw material, at least one protection tube 3 housing a resistance temperature detector for detecting the liquid level L1 in the chamber 2, and a flow controller 4 that controls the flow rate of the gas flowing out from the chamber 2 and feeds the same. The protection tube 3 is horizontally inserted into a sidewall 2a of the chamber 2 and fixed thereto.

A switch assembly includes an automatic type 11 switch having 1 and 2 contacts and 3 and 4 contacts with the 2 and 3 contacts being shorted together, configured to respond to a water level of a boiler, short the 1 and 2 contacts when the water level is high, short the 3 and 4 contacts when the water level is low; and an electronic circuit board having a processor configured to sense signaling containing information about the 1, 2/3 and 4 contacts, and provide control signaling containing information about the water level of the boiler. The electronic circuit board also includes a relay configured to respond to the control signaling, and turn the relay on/off.

A switch assembly includes an automatic type 11 switch having 1 and 2 contacts and 3 and 4 contacts with the 2 and 3 contacts being shorted together, configured to respond to a water level of a boiler, short the 1 and 2 contacts when the water level is high, short the 3 and 4 contacts when the water level is low; and an electronic circuit board having a processor configured to sense signaling containing information about the 1, 2/3 and 4 contacts, and provide control signaling containing information about the water level of the boiler. The electronic circuit board also includes a relay configured to respond to the control signaling, and turn the relay on/off.

A controlling device includes an operating volume upper limit value OH1 storage unit that stores an operating volume upper limit value OH1 set from a device on a higher-level side, an operating volume upper limit value OH2 storage unit that stores an operating volume upper limit value OH2 set by an operator, an upper limit value selector that compares the operating volume upper limit values OH1 and OH2, and using the smaller as an operating volume upper limit value OH to be used in an upper limit limiting procedure, a control calculator that calculates an operating volume MV, and an upper limit processor that performs the upper limit limiting procedure to control the operating volume MV, calculated by the control calculator, to a value that is no greater than the operating volume upper limit value OH used by the upper limit value selector.

A controlling device includes an operating volume upper limit value OH1 storage unit that stores an operating volume upper limit value OH1 set from a device on a higher-level side, an operating volume upper limit value OH2 storage unit that stores an operating volume upper limit value OH2 set by an operator, an upper limit value selector that compares the operating volume upper limit values OH1 and OH2, and using the smaller as an operating volume upper limit value OH to be used in an upper limit limiting procedure, a control calculator that calculates an operating volume MV, and an upper limit processor that performs the upper limit limiting procedure to control the operating volume MV, calculated by the control calculator, to a value that is no greater than the operating volume upper limit value OH used by the upper limit value selector.

A power steering apparatus and a control circuit for a power steering apparatus are provided. The power steering apparatus detects an abnormality in the power steering apparatus based on whether there is a periodic change within a predetermined frequency range with respect to the number of rotations of an electric motor, a steering velocity, or a steering torque.

Provided is a refrigeration cycle apparatus including: a refrigerant circuit formed by connecting, by a refrigerant pipe, a compressor, a condenser, an expansion device, an evaporator and a liquid reservoir; a liquid level detection sensor including a plurality of heat generating units and a plurality of temperature detection units, the heat generating units being paired with the temperature detection units, and provided in the liquid reservoir, the liquid level detection sensor being configured to detect a liquid level of a refrigerant accumulated in the liquid reservoir, based on a temperature of each of the heat generating units, in which the liquid reservoir includes a container for accumulating the refrigerant, an inlet pipe connected to the refrigerant circuit and configured to allow a portion of the refrigerant flowing out of the container to flow into the container, and in which in the container, a shielding portion is provided between an discharge outlet for the refrigerant of the inlet pipe and the liquid level detection sensor, to prevent the portion of the refrigerant flowing out of the discharge outlet from directly coming into contact with the liquid level detection sensor.

An electrically operated aerosol-generating system may include a liquid storage portion configured to store a liquid from which aerosol may be generated, an electric heater, a capillary wick extending between the liquid storage portion and the electric heater and configured to convey liquid from the liquid storage portion to the electric heater and electric circuitry connected to the electric heater. The electric circuitry may be configured to: activate the electric heater for a first heating time period in response to an input to vaporize liquid in the capillary wick, activate the electric heater for a second heating time period upon the elapse of a first cooling time period after the first heating time period, record a temperature measurement of the electric heater during the second heating time period, and determine an amount of liquid in the liquid storage portion based on the temperature measurement.