A device may include a sensor window. The sensor window may include a substrate. The sensor window may include a set of layers disposed onto the substrate. The set of layers may include a first subset of layers of a first refractive index and a second set of layers of a second refractive index different from the first refractive index. The set of layers may be associated with a threshold transmissivity in a sensing spectral range, and may be configured to a particular color in a visible spectral range and associated with a threshold opacity in the visible spectral range. The device may include a spectral sensor device aligned to the sensor window and including at least one sensor element to receive light in the sensing spectral range and provide a plurality of sensing functionalities based on at least one measurement of the light in the sensing spectral range.

Methods, systems and devices are disclosed to detect and compensate wavefront errors associated with light that spans a large range of wavelengths and different polarization states. One example system includes an optical wavefront sensor that is positioned to receive input light after propagation through a turbulent medium, such as air or water or other liquids, and to detect a wavefront error associated with at least one spectral component of the received light that has a plurality of spectral components. The system further includes a wavefront compensator that is positioned to receive the input light and to simultaneously effectuate wavefront corrections for the plurality of spectral components of the input light based on the detected wavefront error.

Methods, systems and devices are disclosed to detect and compensate wavefront errors associated with light that spans a large range of wavelengths and different polarization states. One example system includes an optical wavefront sensor that is positioned to receive input light after propagation through a turbulent medium, such as air or water or other liquids, and to detect a wavefront error associated with at least one spectral component of the received light that has a plurality of spectral components. The system further includes a wavefront compensator that is positioned to receive the input light and to simultaneously effectuate wavefront corrections for the plurality of spectral components of the input light based on the detected wavefront error.

A measurement device characterizes an environment. The measurement device includes a transmitter and a receiver. The transmitter transmits a transmitted light. The transmitter includes an atomically two-dimensional material for emitting the transmitted light. The atomically two-dimensional material is tunable to select a predominate wavelength of the transmitted light within a tunable range of wavelengths. The receiver receives a received light, which is the transmitted light after encountering the environment. The receiver characterizes the environment from a measured change between the received light and the transmitted light.

A measurement device characterizes an environment. The measurement device includes a transmitter and a receiver. The transmitter transmits a transmitted light. The transmitter includes an atomically two-dimensional material for emitting the transmitted light. The atomically two-dimensional material is tunable to select a predominate wavelength of the transmitted light within a tunable range of wavelengths. The receiver receives a received light, which is the transmitted light after encountering the environment. The receiver characterizes the environment from a measured change between the received light and the transmitted light.

A system and method of operating a focal plane array of a camera assembly for a space vehicle in orbit includes scanning across a scene containing a target surface using the focal plane array, generating a plurality of sampled signals for the scene using a plurality of detectors of the focal plane array, co-adding the sampled signals to produce an output having a constant spatial resolution, and correcting a temporal shift in a line-of-sight of the focal plane array by rotating the space vehicle or the camera assembly to null relative motion at a center point of a scan.

A spectrometer comprises a plurality of isolated optical channels comprising a plurality of isolated optical paths. The isolated optical paths decrease cross-talk among the optical paths and allow the spectrometer to have a decreased length with increased resolution. In many embodiments, the isolated optical paths comprise isolated parallel optical paths that allow the length of the device to be decreased substantially. In many embodiments, each isolated optical path extends from a filter of a filter array, through a lens of a lens array, through a channel of a support array, to a region of a sensor array. Each region of the sensor array comprises a plurality of sensor elements in which a location of the sensor element corresponds to the wavelength of light received based on an angle of light received at the location, the focal length of the lens and the central wavelength of the filter.

A spectrometer comprises a plurality of isolated optical channels comprising a plurality of isolated optical paths. The isolated optical paths decrease cross-talk among the optical paths and allow the spectrometer to have a decreased length with increased resolution. In many embodiments, the isolated optical paths comprise isolated parallel optical paths that allow the length of the device to be decreased substantially. In many embodiments, each isolated optical path extends from a filter of a filter array, through a lens of a lens array, through a channel of a support array, to a region of a sensor array. Each region of the sensor array comprises a plurality of sensor elements in which a location of the sensor element corresponds to the wavelength of light received based on an angle of light received at the location, the focal length of the lens and the central wavelength of the filter.

A hyperspectral imager (HSI) includes a first thin film filter, the first thin film filter including a first quarter wave mirror, a second quarter wave mirror, and a low-refractive-index wedge between the first quarter wave mirror and the second quarter wave mirror. The low-refractive-index wedge has a height dimension such that a distance between the first quarter wave mirror and the second quarter wave mirror increases linearly along a length of the low-refractive-index wedge.

An imaging system, such as a surgical microscope, laparoscope, or endoscope or integrated with these devices, includes an illuminator providing patterned white light and/or fluorescent stimulus light. The system receives and images light hyperspectrally, in embodiments using a hyperspectral imaging array, and/or using narrowband tunable filters for passing filtered received light to an imager. Embodiments may construct a 3-D surface model from stereo images, and will estimate optical properties of the target using images taken in patterned light or using other approximations obtained from white light exposures. Hyperspectral images taken under stimulus light are displayed as fluorescent images, and corrected for optical properties of tissue to provide quantitative maps of fluorophore concentration. Spectral information from hyperspectral images is processed to provide depth of fluorophore below the tissue surface. Quantitative images of fluorescence at depth are also prepared. The images are displayed to a surgeon for use in surgery.