A polarimeter for measuring chirality of a material comprising an optical ring cavity comprising a plurality of reflective elements configured to promote bi-directional propagation of a laser beam within the cavity, a laser-emitting device configured to introduce a first input beam and a second input beam into the cavity, a Faraday rotator, a phase compensator, an acousto-optic modulator configured to shift the frequency of the first output beam, an optical recombination device configured to recombine shifted and unshifted output beams, and first and second detectors configured to receive the recombined beams, wherein the plurality of reflective elements, Faraday rotator, and phase compensator are configured such that light from the first and second input beams passes through a chiral material located within the cavity a sufficient number of times for a measurement of optical rotary dispersion and circular dichroism of light transmitted through the material to be obtained at the detectors.

A method for analysing radiation emitted by the upper atmosphere, including the steps of collecting a beam coming from a direction (h, A) of the atmosphere, polarising the collected beam, selecting at least one frequency range of the collected beam and measuring an intensity of the at least one frequency range of the collected and polarised beam (I(θ,t)) according to the angle θ(t). The method includes the step of determining, from the values of I(θ,t) collected on a rotation of at least Π/2 radians of the variable angle polariser:—at least one physical and/or chemical and/or electromagnetic parameter of the upper atmosphere, and/or a variation of at least one physical and/or chemical and/or electromagnetic parameter of the upper atmosphere, and/or—a probability of malfunction and/or degradation of networks and/or electrical and/or electronic equipment and/or systems and/or devices.

A method for analysing radiation emitted by the upper atmosphere, including the steps of collecting a beam coming from a direction (h, A) of the atmosphere, polarising the collected beam, selecting at least one frequency range of the collected beam and measuring an intensity of the at least one frequency range of the collected and polarised beam (I(θ,t)) according to the angle θ(t). The method includes the step of determining, from the values of I(θ,t) collected on a rotation of at least Π/2 radians of the variable angle polariser:—at least one physical and/or chemical and/or electromagnetic parameter of the upper atmosphere, and/or a variation of at least one physical and/or chemical and/or electromagnetic parameter of the upper atmosphere, and/or—a probability of malfunction and/or degradation of networks and/or electrical and/or electronic equipment and/or systems and/or devices.

A polarimetry apparatus comprising a plurality of flexible light conduits each having first and second ends, and a respective polarization modulator associated with each light conduit, wherein each light conduit is configured to receive incident light from a different predetermined region in space via the first end, and deliver said light to a detector unit via the second end, and wherein the polarization modulator is configured to modulate the polarization of the light to enable a partial or complete polarization state of the incident light to be determined by the detector unit for each light conduit.

A polarimetry apparatus comprising a plurality of flexible light conduits each having first and second ends, and a respective polarization modulator associated with each light conduit, wherein each light conduit is configured to receive incident light from a different predetermined region in space via the first end, and deliver said light to a detector unit via the second end, and wherein the polarization modulator is configured to modulate the polarization of the light to enable a partial or complete polarization state of the incident light to be determined by the detector unit for each light conduit.

Techniques and devices for optical sensing of rotation based on measurements and sensing of optical polarization or changes in optical polarization due to rotation without using optical interferometry. In implementations, a device for optical sensing of rotation can include a detection device that includes: (1) a beam splitter that splits the optical output into four optical beams; (2) four detection modules that receive the four optical beams, respectively, to obtain measurements of four different optical Stokes parameters from the four optical beams, respectively, and (3) a processing unit that processes the measurements of four different optical Stokes parameters to determine a rotation angle of a state of polarization of the optical output and a differential phase shift between the first and the second optical beams caused by a rotation experienced by the optical loop.

Techniques and devices for optical sensing of rotation based on measurements and sensing of optical polarization or changes in optical polarization due to rotation without using optical interferometry. In implementations, a device for optical sensing of rotation can include a detection device that includes: (1) a beam splitter that splits the optical output into four optical beams; (2) four detection modules that receive the four optical beams, respectively, to obtain measurements of four different optical Stokes parameters from the four optical beams, respectively, and (3) a processing unit that processes the measurements of four different optical Stokes parameters to determine a rotation angle of a state of polarization of the optical output and a differential phase shift between the first and the second optical beams caused by a rotation experienced by the optical loop.

Embodiments of the present disclosure include apparatuses and method for stacked polarizer imaging. In a number of embodiments, a method can include activating a first polarization layer of a plurality of polarization layers, detecting a first image with an array of pixels from a light source input that is polarized when passed through the first polarization layer, and determining, via a controller coupled to the array of pixels, whether a quality of the first image that was polarized by the first polarization layer meets a threshold. A stacked polarizer can include a plurality of polarizers that are stacked upon each other such that a light source input can be passed through the stack of polarizers and be detected by a pixel of an image sensor cell. Each of the polarizers in the stack of polarizers can be individually activated and deactivated.

Embodiments of the present disclosure include apparatuses and method for stacked polarizer imaging. In a number of embodiments, a method can include activating a first polarization layer of a plurality of polarization layers, detecting a first image with an array of pixels from a light source input that is polarized when passed through the first polarization layer, and determining, via a controller coupled to the array of pixels, whether a quality of the first image that was polarized by the first polarization layer meets a threshold. A stacked polarizer can include a plurality of polarizers that are stacked upon each other such that a light source input can be passed through the stack of polarizers and be detected by a pixel of an image sensor cell. Each of the polarizers in the stack of polarizers can be individually activated and deactivated.

We have invented an EUV spectroscopic polarimeter including a light receiving element, a first polarizing modulation element, a second polarizing modulation element, an energy splitting element and a light detecting and analyzing apparatus. The light receiving element is for receiving a target light. The first polarizing modulation element is rotatably connected to the light receiving element for generating a first polarized light. The second polarizing modulation element is rotatably connected to the first polarizing modulation element for generating a second polarized light. The energy splitting element receives the second polarized light so as to generate a modulated-polarization and energy-resolved light. The light detecting and analyzing apparatus receiving the polarization-modulated and energy-resolved light and providing a spectrum information by an analyzing algorithm which is able to retrieve the helicity, ellipticity, tilt angle and the degree of polarization for the whole spectrum of the target light.