A method of attitude estimation of a spotted target. The method includes an offline training and an online estimation. The offline training includes establishing a three-dimensional geometric model of a target, performing region division according to the structure of the target, establishing an object-space temperature distribution model for each region of the target, establishing an infrared radiation transmission model of an intra-atmospheric target in six attitudes in observation by a detection system, constructing an image-space radiant energy model of the target in the six attitudes using the object-space temperature distribution model and the infrared radiation transmission model, and performing simulation calculation to obtain an infrared spectral curve of the spotted target regarding wavelength versus image-space-radiant-energy-of-target, so as to establish a mapping database regarding target-attitude versus spectrum.

A method of detecting defects in a composite structure includes applying heat to a surface of a composite structure. Thermographic images or frames captured by a moving camera may be utilized to corm temporally aligned images that include temperature data (pixals) from a plurality of frames, wherein the pixals comprise data captured at a simple (uniform) time delay from the time at which heat was applied. The temporally aligned thermographic data for the surface region may include variations due to differences in thermal transients caused by defects in the composite structure. The variations in the thermographic data may be utilized to detect one or more defects in the composite structure.

A system simultaneously tracks multiple objects. All or a subset of the objects includes a wireless receiver and a transmitter for providing an output. The system includes one or more wireless transmitters that send commands to the wireless receivers of the multiple objects instructing different subsets of the multiple objects to output (via their respective transmitter) at different times. The system also includes object sensors that receive output from the transmitters of the multiple objects and a computer system in communication with the object sensors. The computer system calculates locations of the multiple objects based on the sensed output from the multiple objects.

A ceiling-mounted sensing unit includes (i) one or more air temperature sensors; (ii) an infrared sensor having a field of view oriented towards a floor of the room; and (iii) a microcontroller receiving readings from both the air temperature sensors and the infrared sensor, the microcontroller providing an estimated temperature at a predetermined distance above the floor of the room based on a model of the room. The model may be based on a double-exponential smoothing function obtained by matching a Kalman filter model. Alternately, the model may be itself a Kalman filter model or a machine learning trained linear model obtained using a linear regression technique, such as L2 regularization. The Kalman filter model uses a state vector that includes both the estimated temperature and a rate of change in the estimated change in temperature. The machine-trained model may be verified using a k-fold cross-validation technique.

The present application discloses a measurement device and a measurement method for measuring a temperature and an emissivity of a measured surface. The measurement device comprises a reflection converter, an optical receiver and a data processor, wherein the reflection converter comprises a reflector and an absorber tube, the reflector has a through hole, and the absorber tube may be shifted between a first measurement position and a second measurement position relative to the reflector. In the first measurement position, the light incident end of the absorber tube approaches or contacts the measured surface, such that the optical receiver receives inherent radiation light emitted from the measured surface and forms a first electrical signal. In the second measurement position, the light incident end of the absorber tube is located at the through hole or outside the through hole of the reflector, such that the optical receiver receives the inherent radiation light emitted from the measured surface and reflective radiation light between a reflection surface of the reflector and the measured surface and forms a second electrical signal. The data processor is configured to determine a temperature and an emissivity of the measured surface according to the first electrical signal and the second electrical signal.

Techniques for determining characteristics of a stream of jetted material in a three-dimensional (3D) printer are disclosed. An example 3D printer includes an ejector configured to release molten droplets along a jetting path from the ejector to a build platform. The 3D printer also includes a sensor positioned adjacent to the jetting path and an optical mask positioned adjacent to the jetting path. The optical mask includes a plurality of regions comprising light-blocking regions and light-passing regions. The optical mask is configured to modulate a signal generated by the sensor as the molten droplets travel along the jetting path. The 3D printer also includes a controller to control the 3D printer based on the signal.

A system for determining a risk level for particles moving along a path. The system includes a sensor arrangement including at least one set of sensing elements including at least two sensing elements arranged to co-operate with mutually separated sensing zones along the path of movement of the particles to detect a signal related to temperature of the particles. The system further includes a processing device arranged to: receive signals from the sensor arrangement; form signals from the sensing elements into a pulse train when a particle moves through field-of-view of the sensor arrangement; based on the pulse train, determine a risk level for the particles; and adapt at least one parameter used in the determination of the risk level based on at least one property of the particles moving along the path of movement from the first position to the second position.

A system comprising a temperature measurement device for repeatedly detecting temperature values of a pavement laid by a paver. The system is configured for ascertaining a temperature value for a specific measuring point at at least two different moments in time by means of the temperature measurement device, the specific measuring point lying in an area of the laid pavement. The system additionally comprises an evaluation unit, the evaluation unit being configured for determining a cooling behavior of the laid pavement. This is done by making use of the at least two different temperature values that have been detected for the specific measuring point at the at least two different moments in time.

To provide an infrared temperature sensor that is corrected in detected temperature while ensuring high responsiveness. An infrared temperature sensor 10 according to the present invention includes a heat conversion film 40, an infrared detection element 43 held by the heat conversion film 40, a temperature compensation element 45 that is provided adjacently to the infrared detection element 43 and is held by the heat conversion film 40, a light guide part 59 that guides entered infrared rays toward the infrared detection element 43, and a blocking part 27 that blocks the infrared rays from being incident on the temperature compensation element 45, in which an inner surface of the light guide part 59 configures an irradiation surface 57 to be irradiated with the infrared rays, and the irradiation surface 57 includes a correction region 58 that is different in emissivity of the infrared rays from surroundings.

Infra-red sensors are often used in turbo molecular pumps to detect the temperature of the rotor or other mechanical parts and therefore indicate imminent, or potential, running failures.

As deposits build up on either the infra-red sensor, or on the surface being monitored, the reading given by the sensor may not be a true representation of the actual surface temperature which can cause the pump controller to fail to stop the pump in time.

The present invention provides a method and device for calibrating the sensor by creating a determined temperature rise in the sensor whilst keeping the rotor at ambient temperature. In particular the present invention uses the motor stator as the heater for causing the temperature increase.