Disclosed in the present invention is a visual monitoring method for cross-section temperature fields and radiation characteristics of boiler furnaces by combining radiation images and spectra. Image detectors can be directly inserted into observation holes of a boiler to acquire flame image data, so that when the detection system is applied to a power station boiler, extra holes are not required to be drilled, and therefore, there is no risk that the strength of a furnace wall of the boiler is reduced by drilling holes. According to cross-section temperature fields of a furnace measured by the detection system, the state of combustion in the furnace can be accurately judged, which can play an accurate and effective guiding role in boiler combustion control, and reduce the temperature deviation in each combustion area of the boiler so as to keep the boiler running smoothly, thereby improving the combustion efficiency of the boiler.

A Safety Cooking Device includes a thermal sensor that detects infrared radiation (IR) to generate thermal images of a cooktop over time, and a controller. The controller uses the thermal images to determine whether the cooktop is unattended. Both wired and wireless embodiments of the cooking safety device are disclosed. In one implementation, the cooking safety device is in communication with and reports to a security panel of a security system.

Devices and corresponding methods can be provided to measure temperature and/or emissivity of a target. Emissivity of the target need not be known or assumed, and any temperature difference between a sensor and the target need not be zeroed or minimized. No particular bandpass filter is required. Devices can include one or two sensors viewing the same target as the target views different respective viewed temperatures. The respective viewed temperatures can be sensor temperatures, and a single sensor can be set to each of the respective viewed temperatures at different times. An analyzer can determine the temperature and/or emissivity of the target based on the respective viewed temperatures and on plural net heat fluxes detected by the sensors and corresponding to the respective viewed temperatures.

A cleaning plant for hot-rolled metal strips provided with a surface oxide layer, the plant comprising unwinding means for unwinding at least one coil of rolled strip and pickling means for pickling said rolled strip; wherein there are provided measuring means for measuring the thickness of the surface oxide layer, arranged between said unwinding means and said pickling means; and wherein gaseous hydrogen detection means are provided to detect the presence of gaseous hydrogen in fumes produced by said pickling means. A corresponding cleaning method is also claimed.

In some examples, a method for generating an interactive three-dimensional quantitative thermal heat flow mapping of an environment comprises generating a three-dimensional representation comprising multiple surfaces defining respective boundaries of the environment, generating a thermal image representing a surface temperature at multiple points of the surfaces, determining a measure for an ambient temperature within the environment, determining respective measures for incident radiant temperature of the surfaces, determining respective measures for the emissivity of the surfaces, providing a measure of temperature outside of a surface, calculating, at each of the multiple points, a value for the instantaneous heat flow per unit area using the measures for surface temperature, ambient temperature within the environment and incident radiant temperature of the surfaces, and using the values for the instantaneous heat flow per unit area, and the measure of temperature outside of a surface, calculating respective measures for thermal transmittance at the multiple points.

Embodiments of the present invention generally relate to apparatus for and methods of measuring and monitoring the temperature of a substrate having a 3D feature thereon. The apparatus include a light source for irradiating a substrate having a 3D feature thereon, a focus lens for gathering and focusing reflected light, and an emissometer for detecting the emissivity of the focused reflected light. The apparatus may also include a beam splitter and an imaging device. The imaging device provides a magnified image of the diffraction pattern of the reflected light. The method includes irradiating a substrate having a 3D feature thereon with light, and focusing reflected light with a focusing lens. The focused light is then directed to a sensor and the emissivity of the substrate is measured. The reflected light may also impinge upon an imaging device to generate a magnified image of the diffraction pattern of the reflected light.

Disclosed in the present invention is a visual monitoring method for cross-section temperature fields and radiation characteristics of boiler furnaces by combining radiation images and spectra. Image detectors can be directly inserted into observation holes of a boiler to acquire flame image data, so that when the detection system is applied to a power station boiler, extra holes are not required to be drilled, and therefore, there is no risk that the strength of a furnace wall of the boiler is reduced by drilling holes. According to cross-section temperature fields of a furnace measured by the detection system, the state of combustion in the furnace can be accurately judged, which can play an accurate and effective guiding role in boiler combustion control, and reduce the temperature deviation in each combustion area of the boiler so as to keep the boiler running smoothly, thereby improving the combustion efficiency of the boiler.

Embodiments disclosed herein include a method of calibrating a processing tool. In an embodiment, the method comprises providing a first substrate with a first emissivity, a second substrate with a second emissivity, and a third substrate with a third emissivity. In an embodiment, the method may include running a recipe on each of the first substrate, the second substrate, and the third substrate, where the recipe includes a set of calibration attributes. In an embodiment, the method may further comprise measuring a layer thickness on each of the first substrate, the second substrate, and the third substrate. In an embodiment, the method further comprises determining if the layer thicknesses are uniform.

A substrate is coated with a multilayer structure which has layers of a first portion and layers of a second portion that are deposited on the layers of the first portion. During the deposition of at least one layer of the second portion, at least one optical measuring apparatus measures an emissivity value and a reflectance value on the broad side of the substrate, which broad side comprises the layer. Using a previously determined correction value, an actual value of a temperature of the broad side of the substrate is calculated and, using the actual value, a heating apparatus is controlled in order to control the temperature of the substrate to match a target value of the temperature of the broad side of the substrate. The correction value is determined during the deposition of the first portion, which is carried out immediately before the deposition of the second portion.

Provided here are: an infrared imaging element that receives infrared light to capture a thermal image; an element temperature sensor that detects a temperature of the infrared imaging element; an FPN memory that stores therein FPN data at each of the temperatures; a frame memory that saves a plurality of pieces of frame data composed of thermal images captured by the infrared imaging element in a fixed period of time; and an FPN data generation unit that, when an imaging target is determined not to have changed on the basis of the frame data, acquires from the FPN memory, the FPN data corresponding to the temperature of the infrared imaging element at which said frame data were obtained; and performs averaging processing between average values AF of the plurality of pieces of frame data and the thus-acquired FPN data, to thereby regenerate the FPN data in an updated manner.