The overall thermal performance of a building UA.sup.Total can be empirically estimated through a short-duration controlled test. Preferably, the controlled test is performed at night during the winter. A heating source is turned off after the indoor temperature has stabilized. After an extended period, such as 12 hours, the heating source is briefly turned back on, such as for an hour, then turned off. The indoor temperature is allowed to stabilize. The energy consumed within the building during the test period is assumed to equal internal heat gains. Overall thermal performance is estimated by balancing the heat gained with the heat lost during the test period.

The overall thermal performance of a building UA.sup.Total can be empirically estimated through a short-duration controlled test. Preferably, the controlled test is performed at night during the winter. A heating source is turned off after the indoor temperature has stabilized. After an extended period, such as 12 hours, the heating source is briefly turned back on, such as for an hour, then turned off. The indoor temperature is allowed to stabilize. The energy consumed within the building during the test period is assumed to equal internal heat gains. Overall thermal performance is estimated by balancing the heat gained with the heat lost during the test period.

A constant temperature water supply system that adjusts water from a water supply source to a constant temperature by a constant temperature water supply apparatus and supplies the water to a processing apparatus. The constant temperature water supply apparatus is provided with water temperature adjusting units that adjust processing water and cooling water to predetermined temperatures and temperature adjustment control units that reset predetermined temperatures of the water temperature adjusting units. The processing apparatus is provided with water temperature detectors that detect the water temperatures of the processing water and the cooling water and water temperature managing units that each calculate the temperature difference between the water temperature detected by the water temperature detector and a desired temperature set in advance.

A constant temperature water supply system that adjusts water from a water supply source to a constant temperature by a constant temperature water supply apparatus and supplies the water to a processing apparatus. The constant temperature water supply apparatus is provided with water temperature adjusting units that adjust processing water and cooling water to predetermined temperatures and temperature adjustment control units that reset predetermined temperatures of the water temperature adjusting units. The processing apparatus is provided with water temperature detectors that detect the water temperatures of the processing water and the cooling water and water temperature managing units that each calculate the temperature difference between the water temperature detected by the water temperature detector and a desired temperature set in advance.

The present invention discloses a Bluetooth personnel location system for positioning a personnel coordinate position. The Bluetooth personnel location system comprises a Bluetooth wearable device, a plurality of Bluetooth wireless base stations, and a positioning server. The Bluetooth wearable device is worn by a predetermined positioning person for sending regularly a plurality of Bluetooth broadcast signals. Each Bluetooth broadcast signal comprises a measured temperature for the predetermined positioning person. The positioning server is for receiving the Bluetooth broadcast signals and the signal strength of the Bluetooth broadcast signals through the Bluetooth wireless base stations. According to the Bluetooth broadcast signals and the signal strength, the positioning server can determine whether the Bluetooth wearable device is wearing by the predetermined positioning person or not and the location of the predetermined positioning person.

A system for controlling a substrate temperature in a substrate processing system includes a substrate support device, a controller, a temperature sensor, and a thermal control element (TCE). The controller is configured to, during a first period, control the TCE to adjust the temperature of the substrate support device to a temperature value based on a temperature difference between the substrate temperature before the substrate is loaded onto the substrate support device and a desired temperature for the substrate support device. The temperature value is not equal to the desired temperature. The substrate is loaded onto the substrate support device after the first period begins and before the temperature of the substrate support device returns to the desired temperature. The controller is further configured to, during a second period following the first period, control the temperature of the substrate support device to the desired temperature for the substrate support device.

A system for determining an operating mode of a battery includes a voltage sensor configured to detect a present voltage across terminals of the battery. The system further includes a non-transitory memory configured to store previously detected voltages across the terminals of the battery, and a previous operating mode of the battery. The system further includes a processor coupled to the voltage sensor and the non-transitory memory and configured to determine the operating mode of the battery by comparing the present voltage across the terminals of the battery to the previously detected voltages of the battery and based on the previous operating mode of the battery.

A system for determining an operating mode of a battery includes a voltage sensor configured to detect a present voltage across terminals of the battery. The system further includes a non-transitory memory configured to store previously detected voltages across the terminals of the battery, and a previous operating mode of the battery. The system further includes a processor coupled to the voltage sensor and the non-transitory memory and configured to determine the operating mode of the battery by comparing the present voltage across the terminals of the battery to the previously detected voltages of the battery and based on the previous operating mode of the battery.

A testing device (30) is provided for use with a wireless power transmitter device (20) having a wireless power transmitter coil (24). The testing device (30) has a housing (50), the housing having a bottom side (53) adapted for placement on a surface (25) of the wireless power transmitter device (20), and a top side (54) opposite to the bottom side (53). A wireless power receiver coil (34) is provided in the housing. The testing device (30) also has thermo sensory means (31) and an interface (33) to provide measurement data from the thermo sensory means (31). The thermo sensory means (31) includes at least a first temperature sensor (55) adapted to measure a temperature at a first position inside the housing (50), and a second temperature sensor (56) adapted to measure a temperature at a second position external to the housing (50).

The present invention relates to a method for detecting a void in a concrete composite member covered with a steel plate using a thermal image, and a method for managing the construction of a concrete composite member covered with a steel plate by applying same. According to the present invention, since the presence of the void is determined based on the steel plate surface temperature measured using the thermal image during the construction of the concrete composite member covered with the steel plate, the void generation may be precisely expected.