A power system comprises a converter including an inductor core defining a gap, and a separator spanning the gap and contacting the core. The power system also includes a controller programmed to, responsive to a decrease in current ripple amplitude output by the converter to less than a first threshold, decrease power supplied by the converter. The first threshold is indicative of an inductance change through the core due to a temperature driven decrease in size of the separator.

A power system comprises a converter including an inductor core defining a gap, and a separator spanning the gap and contacting the core. The power system also includes a controller programmed to, responsive to a decrease in current ripple amplitude output by the converter to less than a first threshold, decrease power supplied by the converter. The first threshold is indicative of an inductance change through the core due to a temperature driven decrease in size of the separator.

Present invention teaches a mechanical vaporizer primarily consisting of a mouth piece, an outer tube, and inner tube wrapped by a spring. A heat sink provides the insolation between the outer tube and the heating chamber that contains a side window to show temperature by the length extension of a sensing coil and allows easy removal of used vaping material to be removed.

Present invention teaches a mechanical vaporizer primarily consisting of a mouth piece, an outer tube, and inner tube wrapped by a spring. A heat sink provides the insolation between the outer tube and the heating chamber that contains a side window to show temperature by the length extension of a sensing coil and allows easy removal of used vaping material to be removed.

A temperature control system for a diffusion cell. The temperature control system includes a cell head and a temperature control device connected to the cell head. Moreover, a diffusion cell having such a temperature control system. Furthermore a diffusion cell system having such a temperature control system or such a diffusion cell. Finally, a method for controlling the temperature of a cell head of a diffusion cell, including introducing the temperature control fluid into the cell head.

A temperature control system for a diffusion cell. The temperature control system includes a cell head and a temperature control device connected to the cell head. Moreover, a diffusion cell having such a temperature control system. Furthermore a diffusion cell system having such a temperature control system or such a diffusion cell. Finally, a method for controlling the temperature of a cell head of a diffusion cell, including introducing the temperature control fluid into the cell head.

A sensor for detecting a temperature distribution imparted on a substrate in an environment is disclosed. The sensor includes a sensor substrate with one or more temperature sensing elements formed on the sensor substrate. In embodiments, a temperature sensing element includes at least one cavity with a thermally expandable material disposed within the cavity and a channel extending from the cavity with a slug disposed within the channel. In embodiments, the cavity has a fixed volume and is enclosed by a cover layer disposed or formed over the cavity. The thermally expandable material is configured to extend from the cavity into the channel to actuate the slug from a first position within the channel to at least a second position within the channel, where the position of the slug is indicative of a temperature of a respective portion of the sensor substrate.

A sensor includes a body member, a volume change body, and a detection member. The body member has a flat plate-like shape, a first end in a first direction being supported, and a storage space opening at at least one of both end faces in a thickness direction. The volume change body, whose volume changes depending on an amount of a target, is supported by the body member so that at least a part of the volume change body is stored in the storage space. The detection member is in contact with a second end in the first direction of the body member, and detects stress caused by the change in the volume of the volume change body.

A wear amount measuring apparatus includes a light source, a light transmission unit, a first and a second irradiation unit, a spectroscope and an analysis unit. The light transmission unit splits a low-coherence light from the light source into a first and a second low-coherence light. The first and the second irradiation units irradiate the first and the second low-coherence light to the component to receive reflected lights from the component. The light transmission unit transmits the reflected lights received by the first irradiation unit and the second irradiation unit to the spectroscope. The spectroscope configured to detect intensity distribution of the reflected lights from the first and the second irradiation unit. The analysis unit calculates a thickness difference between a thickness of the component at the first measuring point and that at the second measuring point by performing Fourier transform on the intensity distribution.

A wear amount measuring apparatus includes a light source, a light transmission unit, a first and a second irradiation unit, a spectroscope and an analysis unit. The light transmission unit splits a low-coherence light from the light source into a first and a second low-coherence light. The first and the second irradiation units irradiate the first and the second low-coherence light to the component to receive reflected lights from the component. The light transmission unit transmits the reflected lights received by the first irradiation unit and the second irradiation unit to the spectroscope. The spectroscope configured to detect intensity distribution of the reflected lights from the first and the second irradiation unit. The analysis unit calculates a thickness difference between a thickness of the component at the first measuring point and that at the second measuring point by performing Fourier transform on the intensity distribution.