A method of making measurements includes providing a sensor with at least one solid state electronic spin; irradiating the sensor with radiation from an electromagnetic radiation source that manipulates the solid state electronic spins to produce spin-dependent fluorescence, wherein the spin-dependent fluorescence decays as a function of relaxation time; providing a target material in the proximity of the sensor, wherein, thermally induced currents (Johnson noise) present in the target material alters the fluorescence decay of the solid state electronic spins as a function of relaxation time; and determining a difference in the solid state spins spin-dependent fluorescence decay in the presence and absence of the target material and correlating the difference with a property of the sensor and/or target material.

Systems, methods and computer-accessible mediums for determining a specific absorption rate (SAR) of a radio frequency (RF) radiation on an object(s) can be provided, which can, for example hardware arrangement configured to receive thermal information for a portion(s) of the at least one object, and determine the SAR based on the thermal information.

A method for measuring an internal temperature of a freezing target object includes: a placing step of placing the freezing target object in a microwave resonating magnetic field generated by a microwave resonator; a state detection step of detecting a resonant state of the freezing target object in a frozen state by using the microwave resonator and detecting an internal temperature of the freezing target object by using a temperature meter; a calibration curve calculation step of calculating a calibration curve by performing a regression analysis by using the resonant state as an explanatory variable and by using the internal temperature of the freezing target object as a response variable; and a temperature calculation step of calculating the internal temperature of the freezing target object in the frozen state by applying the resonant state detected in the detection step to the calibration curve calculated in the calibration curve calculation step.

A method and apparatus for temperature processing a food item. It should be noted that the description provided herein will primarily focus on cooking temperature processing, but cooking is referred to, the process for determining core temperature can also be used for chilling and/or freezing a food item. One implementation of the technology as disclosed and claimed, utilizes a combination of 3D profile scanning camera, mid-range infrared camera, high-resolution encoder-based positioning device, and cook profile settings in order to measure the physical attributes of the product related to the fully cooked state. The system is measuring at least two aspects that determine the temperature change within an object during the cook process and they are geometry and thermodynamic properties.

Exemplary embodiments of an apparatus according to the present disclosure comprise a radiative heating system with a radiation source configured to generate radiation for absorption by an object. A magnetic resonance system is provided with one or more coils configured to transmit and receive radio frequency energy to and from the object. A processor is configured to determine at least one of a temperature of the object and a change in the temperature of the object, based on the radio frequency energy received. A magnetic field source can be configured to generate a magnetic field within the object, and the radio frequency of the energy can be selected for magnetic resonance interactions in the object, based on a strength of the magnetic field.

A transducer for noninvasively determining an internal temperature of a location of interest in a body of a subject may be configured to receive native temperature signals originating from the location of interest without substantially receiving interfering signals. Such a transducer may include one or more shielding features for preventing interference. In addition, such a transducer may include a dielectric cavity configured or positioned to increase the native temperature signals sensed, or received, by the antenna. A transducer may be configured to multiplex signals that are indicative of a temperature of a location of interest within the body of a subject and reference temperature signals. Such a transducer may include a connector that facilitates the communication of a multiplexed signal, such as a connector for a coaxial cable. The connector of a transducer may be configured to swivel relative to an end of a cable that has been coupled thereto. Systems including such a transducer are also disclosed.

A method of making measurements includes providing a sensor with at least one solid state electronic spin; irradiating the sensor with radiation from an electromagnetic radiation source that manipulates the solid state electronic spins to produce spin-dependent fluorescence, wherein the spin-dependent fluorescence decays as a function of relaxation time; providing a target material in the proximity of the sensor, wherein, thermally induced currents (Johnson noise) present in the target material alters the fluorescence decay of the solid state electronic spins as a function of relaxation time; and determining a difference in the solid state spins spin-dependent fluorescence decay in the presence and absence of the target material and correlating the difference with a property of the sensor and/or target material.

The present invention provides a system and method of detecting the presence of a foreign substance, such as ice, in an air-flow path within an operating jet engine by providing one or more electromagnetic sensors that are tuned to receive electromagnetic waves at one or more frequencies generated by the operating jet engine that change upon the presence of the foreign substance. In at least one embodiment, the waves can be transmitted to the electromagnetic sensor through an electromagnetically transparent window in a wall of the jet engine. In at least another embodiment, the electromagnetic sensor can be coupled with a connector that penetrates an operating chamber in the jet engine to measure the electromagnetic parameters of one or more components from within the chamber of the jet engine. In some embodiments, the amount of ice or other foreign substances can be measured or estimated.

Disclosed is a cooking apparatus for heating a substance to be cooked. A cooking apparatus according to one embodiment of the present invention comprises: a transmission antenna for irradiating the substance to be cooked with beamformed electromagnetic waves; a reception antenna for receiving reflected waves reflected from the substance to be cooked; and a controller for determining the temperature of the substance to be cooked corresponding to the received reflected waves on the basis of the property in which the electromagnetic waves, with which the substance to be cooked is irradiated, are reflected differently in accordance with the temperature of the substance to be cooked.

A method for internal calibration of a detector comprising using one or more hardware processors for the following actions. The method comprises an action of receiving a request for internal calibration of a detector comprising a switchable termination resistor (Dicke switch) and connecting electronically one or more internal calibration circuits to the termination resistor. The method comprises an action of applying two or more input voltage signals to the detector from the calibration circuit and measuring two or more output readings from the detector, each output reading corresponding to one of the input voltage signals. The method comprises an action of computing internal calibration coefficients based on the input voltage signals and the output readings. The method comprises an action of storing the internal calibration coefficients on a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium connected to the hardware processor(s) for subsequent calibration of output values from the detector.