There is provided a temperature sensor including an optical fiber, and a sensing element spaced from the optical fiber. The sensing element is encapsulated in a optically transparent, non-porous material, isolating the sensing element from a surrounding environment. The optical fiber is aligned with the sensing element to deliver a source beam to interact with the sensing element and detect a return beam, where the return beam exhibits a temperature dependent property that is measured to determine a temperature of a measured object thermally coupled to the sensing element.

A method of preparing an enhanced yellow-emitting carbon dots includes dissolving citric acid and urea in N,N-dimethylformamide, reacting at a temperature of 150-180° C. for 4-8 h to obtain a carbonized mixture, separating and purifying the carbonized mixture through column chromatography using an eluent prepared according to a volume ratio of dichloromethane to methanol from high to low, collecting a solution obtained by elution when the volume ratio of dichloromethane to methanol is 1:1-2, performing rotary evaporation to remove the solvent, and drying to obtain the yellow-emitting carbon dot. The yellow-emitting carbon dot with fluorescence intensity enhanced with the increase of temperature is synthesized. The yellow-emitting carbon dots has application value in the fields of temperature detection, biological imaging, photoelectric equipment and the like.

A method of preparing an enhanced yellow-emitting carbon dots includes dissolving citric acid and urea in N,N-dimethylformamide, reacting at a temperature of 150-180° C. for 4-8 h to obtain a carbonized mixture, separating and purifying the carbonized mixture through column chromatography using an eluent prepared according to a volume ratio of dichloromethane to methanol from high to low, collecting a solution obtained by elution when the volume ratio of dichloromethane to methanol is 1:1-2, performing rotary evaporation to remove the solvent, and drying to obtain the yellow-emitting carbon dot. The yellow-emitting carbon dot with fluorescence intensity enhanced with the increase of temperature is synthesized. The yellow-emitting carbon dots has application value in the fields of temperature detection, biological imaging, photoelectric equipment and the like.

A method for in situ measurement of temperature at microwave-induced microscopic hot spots, temperature measuring particles and the device used are provided. For the temperature measurement demand of the microscopic hot spot of microwave field, loading fluorescent temperature measuring particles on the surface of solid particles, and the actual temperature of particles in micro scale can be measured by using its temperature sensitive fluorescence characteristics. The present disclosure builds a microwave field in-situ fluorescence test device to disperse the test particles loaded with fluorescent temperature measuring materials in the liquid solvent and place in the quartz sample tank in the microwave cavity, which can measure the actual temperature of the particles to be measured under microwave radiation. The present disclosure breaks through the difficult problem of measuring micro scale temperature in microwave field and can realize the quantitative measurement of microwave-induced overheating temperature in micro scale.

A method for in situ measurement of temperature at microwave-induced microscopic hot spots, temperature measuring particles and the device used are provided. For the temperature measurement demand of the microscopic hot spot of microwave field, loading fluorescent temperature measuring particles on the surface of solid particles, and the actual temperature of particles in micro scale can be measured by using its temperature sensitive fluorescence characteristics. The present disclosure builds a microwave field in-situ fluorescence test device to disperse the test particles loaded with fluorescent temperature measuring materials in the liquid solvent and place in the quartz sample tank in the microwave cavity, which can measure the actual temperature of the particles to be measured under microwave radiation. The present disclosure breaks through the difficult problem of measuring micro scale temperature in microwave field and can realize the quantitative measurement of microwave-induced overheating temperature in micro scale.

An apparatus for determining temperatures of substrates in microwave and/or vacuum environments. A substrate holder with a plurality of support pins includes a temperature sensor assembly with at least a portion of a surface with a phosphorous coating is configured to be inserted in at least one pin support position from an inner area of the substrate holder and in at least one pin support position from an outer area of the substrate holder. The temperature sensor assembly includes a temperature sensor pin with a spring that is microwave transparent. The temperature sensor pin is made of a material with a thermal conductivity greater than approximately 200 W/mK and a low thermal mass which is microwave transparent. An optical transmission assembly is embedded into at least a portion of the substrate holder to receive light emissions from a surface of the temperature sensor pin.

An apparatus for determining temperatures of substrates in microwave and/or vacuum environments. A substrate holder with a plurality of support pins includes a temperature sensor assembly with at least a portion of a surface with a phosphorous coating is configured to be inserted in at least one pin support position from an inner area of the substrate holder and in at least one pin support position from an outer area of the substrate holder. The temperature sensor assembly includes a temperature sensor pin with a spring that is microwave transparent. The temperature sensor pin is made of a material with a thermal conductivity greater than approximately 200 W/mK and a low thermal mass which is microwave transparent. An optical transmission assembly is embedded into at least a portion of the substrate holder to receive light emissions from a surface of the temperature sensor pin.

The present application provides a photoexcitation-free temperature sensing material, a preparation method, and a temperature sensing method. The photoexcitation-free temperature sensing material has a general chemical formula of (Sr.sub.xM.sub.1-x).sub.1-y-zZnSO:Tb.sub.y,Eu.sub.z, wherein 0≤x≤1, 0<y<1, 0<z<1, and y+z<1; x, y, and z represent molar percentages; M represents a substitution ion of Sr and is one or two selected from Ca.sup.2+ and Ba.sup.2+.

The present application provides a photoexcitation-free temperature sensing material, a preparation method, and a temperature sensing method. The photoexcitation-free temperature sensing material has a general chemical formula of (Sr.sub.xM.sub.1-x).sub.1-y-zZnSO:Tb.sub.y,Eu.sub.z, wherein 0≤x≤1, 0<y<1, 0<z<1, and y+z<1; x, y, and z represent molar percentages; M represents a substitution ion of Sr and is one or two selected from Ca.sup.2+ and Ba.sup.2+.

Systems, methods, and kits are provided wherein a temperature-sensitive reagent that emits a luminescent signal is used to adjust the identification of the temperature of a sample or to control thermocycling. In various illustrative embodiments, the sample is a PCR mixture.